1. ENERGY, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

2. Releasing Food Energy

3. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule
All ______ is broken down by the body into small molecules through digestion.
By the time food reaches your ____________, it has been broken down into nutrient rich molecules that can enter your cells.
food
bloodstream

4. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule
___________________ then break down the food molecules, __________ energy for the biological work your cells need to perform.
______ = the ability to do work
Cellular reactions
releasing
Energy

5. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
_____________________________=
energy storing molecule

6. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule
Cells STORE energy by bonding a third _______________ to ____ (adenosine diphosphate) to form ____.
Cells RELEASE energy when ATP breaks down into ____ and _________!
phosphate group
ADP
ATP
ADP
phosphate

7. I. ATP Energy In A Molecule

8. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule
Within a cell, _________ of ATP from ADP and phosphate occurs over and over, ________________ each time!
formation
storing energy

9. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule
Cells use energy for:
Maintaining ____________
Eliminating _______
Transmitting _________ (nerve cells)
Cellular __________ (muscle cells)
Without ATP a cell would ____!
homeostasis
wastes
impulses
movement
die

10. Photosynthesis

11. I. Overview: “The Big Picture”
Photosynthesis
_______________ = the process that provides energy for almost all life.
___________ = organisms that make their own food.
Ex. plants
Photosynthesis requires:
The _____________, ______ and ________________ to make ________________________ and _______ as byproducts.
Autotrophs
Sun’s energy
water
carbon dioxide
carbohydrate molecules
oxygen

12. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
The process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS can be summarized by the following equation:
6CO H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O O2
chlorophyll

14. I. Overview: “The Big Picture”
The energy stored in glucose and other carbohydrates can be used later to produce ____ during the process of _____________________.
We’ll discuss cellular respiration in more detail very soon!
ATP
cellular respiration 14

15. I. Overview: “The Big Picture”
The process of photosynthesis does ____ happen all at once; rather it occurs in 2 stages:
NOT 15

16. I. Overview: “The Big Picture”
LIGHT REACTIONS
STAGE 1 – called the ________________.
_____________ is converted to _______________.
Takes place - _______ is captured from _________ in the _____________ of the chloroplasts of plant cells
A photosynthetic cell contains one to thousands of chloroplasts!
Light energy
chemical energy
Energy
sunlight
chlorophyll 16

17. Stage 1: Light Reactions
Water
______ is split into hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen (O2) through the process called the electron transport chain.
The _____________ is now converted to __________________, which is temporarily stored in _______________ (energy molecules).
The ___ diffuses out of the chloroplasts.
light energy
chemical energy
ATP and NADPH O2 17

18. Stage 2: Calvin Cycle CALVIN CYCLE
Stage 2 – Called the _______________ or ________________
_______________ (CO2) and the chemical energy stored in _____ and _________ powers the formation of ______________________________ (sugars, starch and fiber)
Dark Reaction
Carbon dioxide
ATP
NADPH
carbohydrate molecules 18

19. Stage 2: Calvin Cycle stroma
Takes place – in the ________ of a chloroplast 19

20. Stage 2: Calvin Cycle 20

21. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Flowchart
Sunlight
CO2
NADPH
Light
Reaction
Dark
Reaction
ATP O2
C6H12O6 21

22. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Equation
chlorophyll
C6H12O6
6O2
6H2O
6CO2
Sunlight
______ + _____ + _________ → ________ + ____ 22

23. Cellular Respiration

24. OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture
______________________ = an energy (ATP) releasing process.
PLANTS: sugars (C6H12O6) produced during _______________ are broken down so energy is released.
ANIMALS: sugars (C6H12O6) produced during __________ are broken down so energy is released.
Cellular respiration
photosynthesis
digestion

25. OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture
Equation:
C6H12O O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

26. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
The PRODUCTS of ________________ glucose (C6H12O6) and O2, are the REACTANTS used in _____________________.
The WASTE PRODUCTS of ______________________, CO2 and water, are the REACTANTS used in _________________.
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
cellular respiration
photosynthesis
6CO H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O O2

27. OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture
Processes:
1. ____________
2. ______________ (Citric Acid Cycle)
3. ____________________ (ETC)
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

28. II. Two Types of Cellular Respiration
Aerobic respiration
1. ___________________ – OXYGEN is present
If OXYGEN is PRESENT, the __________ of glycolysis ENTER the pathways of aerobic respiration.
2 major stages: ______________ & ________________________
Produces large amounts of ATP
products
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

29. II. Two Types of Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic respiration
2. _____________________ = No OXYGEN is present.
Aka ____________
___ additional _____ is created AFTER glycolysis produces 2 ATP.
fermentation No
ATP

30. Note: Both types of respiration BEGIN with ____________.
glycolysis

31. III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:
Glycolysis
1. __________ :
Occurs in the ____________ of the cell
Starting molecule: ONE molecule of _________ (__________)
cytoplasm
glucose
C6H12O6

32. Glycolysis . . .
Produces: TWO _______________ or ___________ (________)
____________ molecules
Attaches H’s and Nad+ (electron carrier) and forms _______ (_______________________)
pyruvic acids
pyruvates
C3H6O3
2 ATP
NADH
high energy molecule

33. III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:
Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
2. ___________________________________: _____________________
____________ process (requires oxygen)
Occurs in the ________________
Aerobic respiration
Aerobic
mitochondrion

34. Kreb’s Cycle: 2 pyruvates
Starting molecules: _____________ and ________
Produces: ______________, ____ and _______ molecules
Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make more _____ in the _____.
2 pyruvates
oxygen
NADH and FADH2
CO2
2 ATP
ATP
ETC

35. III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
3. ___________________________________: _____________________
____________ process (requires oxygen)
Occurs in the ________________ of the ______________
Aerobic respiration
Aerobic
inner membrane
mitochondria

36. ETC :
NADH and FADH2
Starting Molecules: _____________________ and _________.
Uses the NADH and FADH2 from the ______________ and another NADH from ____________.
oxygen
Kreb’s Cycle
Glycolysis

37. ETC: water Produces: _______ and ___________ water 32 ATP’s
FADH2 and NADH, release H’s so they can
attach to ________ and produce _______.
Energy is released as a result of breaking down these molecules.
water
32 ATP’s
oxygen
water

38. Importance of Aerobic Respiration:
To transfer chemical energy (_________) to a form of energy that is __________ by cells (_____)!!!
Total net gain of ATP molecules per 1 glucose = ____________
glucose
useable
ATP
36 ATP’s

39. Anaerobic Respiration

40. IV. Aerobic Respiration Processes:
Occurs _______ glycolysis, only if ____ oxygen is present.
____ additional _____ is created after the 2 ATP’s from glycolysis!
AFTER NO No
ATP

41. Anaerobic Respiration 2 Types
1. _____________________:
Occurs in ________________
Starting molecules: _____________
and ______ (from glycolysis)
Produces: _______________ and ________________.
Bakers use alcoholic fermentation of _______.
Alcoholic fermentation
plants and yeast
2 pyruvates
NADH
ethyl alcohol
carbon dioxide
yeast
Used to make wine and beer.

42. Anaerobic Respiration 2 Types
2. _______________________:
Occurs in ________
Starting molecules: _____________
and ______ (from glycolysis)
Produces: _______________.
Lactic acid fermentation by microorganisms plays an essential role in the manufacturing of food products such as ________ and ________.
Lactic Acid fermentation
animals
2 pyruvates
NADH
lactic acid
yogurt
cheese

43. Lactic Acid Fermentation:
DURING EXERCISE: breathing ________ provide your body with all the oxygen it needs for aerobic respiration
cannot

44. Lactic Acid Fermentation & Exercise:
oxygen
When muscles run out of ________, the cells switch to _________________________.
Provides your _________ with the energy then needed during exercise.
lactic acid fermentation
muscles

45. Lactic Acid Fermentation & Exercise:
Side effects of lactic acid fermentation are _________________, ______, ________, and __________.
Most lactic acid made in the muscles diffuses into the bloodstream, then to the liver; where it is converted back to PYRUVIC ACID when oxygen comes available.
muscle fatigue
pain
cramps
soreness

46. oxygen PRESENT AEROBIC Respiration
(_____________________________________)
oxygen PRESENT

47. Aerobic Respiration 2 ATP 2 ATP 32 ATP #2 #1 #3 Kreb’s Glycolysis
FADH2 + NADH #1
Glycolysis #2
Kreb’s
Cycle
2 Pyruvates #3
ETC
NADH
NADH
2 ATP
2 ATP
32 ATP

48. ________ + _____ → ______ + ______ + _______
Aerobic Respiration EQUATION:
C6H12O6
6O2
6H2O
________ + _____ → ______ + ______ + _______
6CO2
36 ATP

49. NO oxygen PRESENT ANAEROBIC Respiration
(_____________________________________)
NO oxygen PRESENT

50. Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic
Acid
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
Animals
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvates
NADH
Plants & Yeast
Ethyl
Alcohol
Alcoholic
Fermentation
2 ATP