1. The Age of Imperialism
Chapter 11

2. What is imperialism?
The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory by a stronger country

3. What is Imperialism? Why do Europeans do this?
Industrialization sparks the need for:
Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts
Natural resources and raw materials
New markets for products

4. What is Imperialism?
Europeans want to control all aspects of their colonies
Politics
Society
Economy
Culture and customs

5. Types of Imperialism Methods of Management Direct Control
Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rights
Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture
Indirect Control
Limited self-rule for local governments
Legislative body includes colonial & local officials

6. Types of Imperialism Forms of Control Colony Protectorate
Governed by a foreign power
Protectorate
Governs itself, but under outside control
Sphere of Influence
Outside power controls investments & trading
Economic Imperialism
Private business interests assert control

7. I. The Scramble for Africa
Africa Before European Dominion
Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups
Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Christianity
Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages
Africans controlled their own trade networks
Europeans only had contact on African coasts

8. The Scramble for Africa (cont)
Nations compete for overseas empires
Europeans wanted more land
Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber
Africa was a mystery to many
Europeans who penetrated Africa were:
Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety
Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity
Humanitarians – “westernize” the “savages”

9. The Scramble for Africa (cont)
Forces Driving Imperialism
Belief in European superiority
Racism
Social Darwinism
Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa
European technological superiority
Europeans had means to control
New medicines prevent diseases

10. The Division of Africa The Berlin Conference (1884)
Europeans leaders divide Africa
No African ruler invited
Little or no thought about the complex differences in ethnic groups
By 1914 – Only independent nations
Liberia
Ethiopia

11. According to this cartoon, which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa?
How did the Berlin Conference lead to the situation shown in the cartoon?

12. South Africa Three Groups Clash for Power Africans Boers British
Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British
Zulu nation lost to British in 1887
Boers
Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since the mid 1600s
Also known as Afrikaners
British
Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Conference

13. Boer War Fought between the Boers and the British
Many Africans fought with the Boers
First example of “total war”
British win in 1910
Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule)

14. Effects of
European
Imperialism
in Africa

15. II. Case Study: Nigeria Britain’s control of Nigeria
Britain takes control by diplomacy & force
All of Nigeria claimed as a colony in 1914
Nigeria very culturally diverse
250 ethnic groups
British utilize indirect rule
Local chiefs resent limits on their rule

16. African Resistance Africans Confront Imperialism
Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons
Unsuccessful Movements
Algeria fights the French for 50 years
German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 deaths
Successful Movements
Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II
Plays Europeans against each other
Stockpiles modern weapons
Defeats Italy and remains independent

17. Legacy of Imperialism Negative Effects Positive Effects
Africans lose land and independence
Many lives are lost
Traditional cultures breakdown
Division of Africa creates problems that continue today
Positive Effects
Reduces local fighting
Sanitation improves
Hospitals and schools created
Technology brings economic growth

18. III. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
The Ottoman Empire Loses Power
Empire begins to decline in 1566
Death of Suleyman I
Modernization movements are unsuccessful
Greece and Serbia gain independence
European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands

19. Downfall
of the
Ottoman Empire

20. Crimean War (1853) Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire
Russia seeks Ottoman land
Access to a warm-water port
Russia loses war
Ottomans are shown to be weak
Russia still is able to take land

21. Europeans Grab Territory
England gains control of:
India – natural resources
Suez Canal – international trade
Persia – oil and tobacco
Russia gains control of:
Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean
Afghanistan – oil

22. The
Suez Canal

23. IV. British Imperialism in India
British Expand Control over India
East India Company
Controls India thru economic imperialism
Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “sepoys”
India was seen as the most important colony
Due to its production of raw materials
Known as the “Jewel in the Crown”

24. Effects of British Rule
Impact of Colonialism
Railroads move cash crops and goods faster
British control political and economic power
Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency and caused famine
Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and missionaries
Britain sought to “modernize” India

25. The Sepoy Rebellion Indians Rebel Results
Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons
They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat
Considered unclean by Muslims
Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelled
British put down the rebellion
Results
Britain takes direct control of India
Increased distrust between Indians and British

27. Nationalism in India Call for reforms Religious Issues Remain
India adopts modernization movements
Many Indians adopt western ways
Religious Issues Remain
Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885)
Called for independence from Britain
Formation of the Muslim League (1906)
Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India

28. Imperialism in Southeast Asia
European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim”
Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean
Britain – Malaysia, Burmia, and Singapore
Netherlands – Indonesia
France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
Why?
Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts
Excellent for plantation agriculture

29. Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Results
Modernization helps the European businesses
Education, health, and sanitation improves
Millions migrate to find work
Racial and religious clashes increase

31. England’s
Empire
Grows

32. V. Imperialism in China and Japan
China vs. The West
China was self-sufficient – no need for trade
China kept a favorable balance of trade
Europeans were able to shift the balance
Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant
Opium War ( )– China vs. Britain
China loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing
Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws
Chinese power over the West ends

33. China vs. The West Foreign Influence Grows
Growing Spheres of Influence
A Surge in Chinese Nationalism
Boxer Rebellion
Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign priviledge
Beginnings of Reform
China tried to become more western
Further added to internal problems

34. Imperialism
in China

35. Imperialism in Japan
Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded mainly with China
Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s isolation
Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867
Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industries

36. Imperialism in Japan Russo-Japanese War (1904) Japan Controls Korea
Treaty of Portsmouth
Japan gained Russian territory
Russia forced out of Korea
Japan Controls Korea
Takes control of the peninsula in 1910
Begins a period of extreme oppression

37. THE END