1. The Age of Imperialism
Chapter 11-12

2. Review! Remember unity and separation? Remember nationalism?
Remember the Industrial Revolution?

3. How did the Industrial Revolution give Britain and America power?

4. What is Imperialism?
The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory by a stronger country
Super-nation “dominates”
Political, Economic, Social life
Culture and traditions
Put their mark on “barbaric lands”
Competition!
Which country can have the most flags
planted in the most areas?

5. Why do Europeans do this?
Industrialization sparks the need for:
Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts
Natural resources and raw materials
New markets for products
Way to exert power and control

6. What are the reasons behind Imperialism?
Racism- belief that ones race is superior to others
Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest” Belief: it is the RIGHT and DUTY of superior nations to show their superiority by bringing it to other areas
Nationalism
Economic competition!
Missionary impulse
Technological superiority

7. Types of Imperialism 2 Methods of Management Direct Control
Paternalism- “fatherly” “parenting”- Europeans provide for local people but grant no rights
Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture
Indirect Control
Limited self-rule for local governments
Legislative body includes colonial & local officials
“oversee”

8. Forms of Control! Colony Protectorate Sphere of Influence
Governed by a foreign power
“colonization”= takeover!
Protectorate
Governs itself, but under outside control
Own government is “protected” “overseen” by superior nation
Sphere of Influence
Outside power controls investments & trading
Superior nation has control of $$$
Economic Imperialism
Private business interests assert control
Ex) Dole controls all pineapple trade in Hawaii

9. Look at the Picture.
Predict history! What role do you think England will play in imperialism?

10. I. The Scramble for Africa
Africa Before European Dominion
Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups
Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Christianity
Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages
Africans controlled their own trade networks
ex) gold, ivory
Europeans only had contact on African coasts

11. The Scramble for Africa (cont)
Nations compete for overseas empires
Europeans wanted more land
Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber
Africa was a mystery to many
Europeans who penetrated Africa were:
Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety
Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity
Humanitarians – “westernize” the “savages”

12. Look at this picture.
1. What is it trying to show you?
2.What problems may come of this?
3. PREDICT what will happen NEXT!

13. The Division of Africa! The Berlin Conference (1884) 14 nations
Europeans leaders divide Africa
“You can have control of African land as long as you notify the other 14 nations and prove you can control it”
No African ruler invited
Little or no thought about the complex differences in ethnic groups
By 1914 – Only independent nations = Liberia, Ethiopia

16. Compare ! How has the Berlin Conference affected the geography of Africa TODAY?!

17. South Africa! Three main fighting powers! Africans Boers British
Zulu nation, led by the leader, Shaka, fought the British
Zulu nation lost to British in 1887
Boers
Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since the mid 1600s
Also known as Afrikaners
1830’s many moved North “Great Trek”
British
Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Conference

18. Boer War Boers vs British
Many Africans fought with the Boers
First example of “total war”
Used ALL resources and ALL population
Burned Boer farms, imprisoned their women and children, killed their men
British win in Boers now controlled by British
Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule)

19. II. Case Study: Nigeria
1835: Berlin Conference gave Britian a “protectorate” in Africa’s lands along the Niger River
1914: Britain CLAIMS Nigeria by force
Britain didn’t have enough troops to DIRECTLY rule Nigeria
British INDIRECTLY rule
Local African chiefs resent having little to no power in ruling their country
All 250 ethnic groups and cultures under British control

20. African Confront Imperialism!
Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons
Unsuccessful Movements
Algeria fights the French for 50 years
East Africa resistance to plant cotton for Germans
Successful Movements
Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II
Plays Italians, French, and British against each other
Africa gets modern weapons from France and Russia
Italy tries to claim as a protectorate
1896 Battle of Adowa Ethiopia defeats Italy’s attempt to rule
Ethiopia remains independent

22. Legacy of Imperialism Negative Effects Positive Effects
Africans lose land and independence
Many lives are lost
Traditional cultures breakdown
Division of Africa creates problems that continue today
Positive Effects
“modernization”
Sanitation improves
Hospitals and schools created
Technology brings economic growth

23. Review How was the Ottoman Empire doing during this time?
What was the Ottoman’s land called?
Which country was the first to break away from the Ottoman Empire?
Who do YOU think will want to take over Ottoman controlled land?
PREDICT! How do YOU think they are going to do it???

24. III. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
The Ottoman Empire Loses Power
Empire begins to decline in 1566
Modernization movements are unsuccessful
Serbia gain independence after Greece
*European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands*

25. Downfall
of the
Ottoman Empire
Indian Ocean

26. Crimean War (1853) Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire
Russia wants Ottoman land
Want access to a warm-water port (Black Sea)
Russia loses war
But Russia still is able to take land in Balkans and in Africa from them!

27. Europeans Grab Territory
England gains control of:
Suez Canal – international trade
Persia – oil and tobacco
India – natural resources
Russia gains control of:
Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean
Afghanistan – oil

28. Ottomans send Muhammad Ali
Ottomans want him to govern Egypt
But, he decides to break away from the Ottomans
Gains Syria and Arabia
He has help from European powers
Modernization of Egypt by Ali
Egypt made into a cotton cash crop region
Grandson supports the construction of the
Suez Canal

29. The Suez Canal Trade: Asia and Europe and Africa = quicker!
Less time= less ????

30. Suez Canal Connects Red Sea to Mediterranean
Built French and Egyptian Labor
Egypt went debt by 45 million dollars because they couldn’t pay back European Bankers!
British take financial control of the Canal
Result ????
By 1882 Britain had complete control of Egypt

32. IV. British Imperialism in India
British Expand Control over India
British East India Company= TRADE
Controls India thru economic imperialism
British Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “sepoys”
India was seen as the most important colony
Due to its production of raw materials
Known as the “Jewel in the Crown”
Bc its 300 million of a potential market for Britain!

33. Effects of British Rule
Impact of Colonialism
Railroads move cash crops and goods faster
British control political and economic power
Cash crops resulted in loss of India’s self-sufficiency and caused famine
Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and missionaries
Put out of business India’s textile industry and replaced with modern British textile technology

34. The Sepoy Rebellion !
Sepoys refuse to use use new British rifles …why?
Sealed with beef and pork fat and they had to BITE off seal
religious reasons
What religions?
Many sepoys were jailed
Rebellion! Remaining sepoys captured city of Delhi
“SEPOY MUNITY” British army vs Indian army
British put down the rebellion
Results
Britain takes direct control of India “RAJ”

36. Nationalism in India India has reforms Religious Issues Remain
India adopts modernization movements
Many Indians adopt western ways
RAM MOHUN ROY- father of “Modern India”
Old Ideas: Ex) child marriages- made India “susceptible” to superior control
Power= “moving with the times”= modernization
Religious Issues Remain
Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885)
Called for independence from Britain
Formation of the Muslim League (1906)
Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India
Increase: RACISM AND DISTRUST

37. Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim”
For military posts, trading, agriculture, $$$$
Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean
Britain – Malaysia and Singapore
Netherlands – Indonesia
France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
America- Philippines
Promised independence after Spanish American War
Did not grant it without a fight!

40. Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Results
Modernization helps the European businesses
America had promised Philippines independence
Cash crops, Christianizing, Education, Health, and sanitation improves
Millions have to migrate to find work

41. American Imperialism 1898 Spanish American War Results:
Cuba wants independence from Spain
America fights for Cuba vs Spain
U.S. installs a gov’t in Cuba and gets Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines for themselves
Next- U.S. wants build Panama Canal for trade, $$
After U.S. is denied the right to control Panama Canal Zone- U.S. decides to help Panamanians break free from Columbia
In return- Panama gave them the right to the Canal
1914 Canal opens

43. Connects Atlantic And Pacific Ocean

44. 1823 Monroe Doctrine- American continents are NOT to be considered as an area for future colonization by European powers
Purpose? To protect themselves from imperialism
Did America actually follow its own rule?
1904 Roosevelt Corollary- gave the U.S. the right to an “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere.

45. Hawaii 75% of Hawaiians wealth came from America’s sugar plantations
1890 Eliminated taxes on sugar entering U.S.
Annexation of Hawaii (1898) – adding it as territory to the U.S.

46. Imperialism
in China

47. V. Imperialism in China and Japan
China vs. The West
China was self-sufficient – no need for trade
China kept a favorable balance of trade
Europeans were able to shift the balance their way!
Wanted to find a product that China would NEED and rely on Britain for
Britain = trading = $ + power
Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant
British merchants smuggled opium into China
Doctor prescribed, relieve pain

48. Opium War (1839-1842)– China vs. Britain
China now NEEDs opium
Outlaws it due to its additive nature
Britain refuses to stop trading it
China LOSES war !
China signs Treaty of Nanjing- gives Britain Hong Kong
Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws
Chinese power over the West ends

49. China vs. The West Foreign Influence Grows
Growing Spheres of Influence
A Surge in Chinese Nationalism
Beginnings of Reform
China tried to become more western
Further added to internal problems

50. Rebellion! Taiping Rebellion: Chinese Rebels vs Christians
Wanted Public ownership of land and a independent economy
Had support of the starving and “hurting”
Captured Nanking= city, made it the capital
Founded the Great Peaceful Heavenly Dynasty in 1851
West defeated any remaining Taiping supporters in 1864

51. Rebellion! Boxer Rebellion: Northern peasants vs foreigners
Secret society: Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Boxing rituals (martial arts) gave them supernatural powers and invincible to bullets
Japan defeats China Japan and West take China’s economy $$$!
Boxers kill Chinese Christians then all foreigners
1901 Western powers sign agreement that imposes even more power over China

52. Imperialism in Japan
Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded mainly with China
Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s isolation
Opens 2 ports to AMERICAN ships
Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867
Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industries
Japan competes with China for Korean dominance and trade

53. Imperialism in Japan Russo-Japanese War (1904) Japan Controls Korea
Russians refuse to stay out of Korea
Japan surprise attacks
Treaty of Portsmouth
Japan gained Russian territory
Russia forced out of Korea
U.S. Pres Roosevelt helps draft the treaty
Japan Controls Korea
Takes control of the peninsula in 1910
Begins a period of extreme oppression