1. WWI (The Great War)

2. 4 MAIN Causes of WWI
Militarism- arms races of the previous decades.
Alliances- complicated system of
Imperialism- unresolved previous disputes, quest for land and control
Nationalism- pride in culture of own country
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria.

4. Allies vs. Central Powers
Russia, France, Britain (“Triple Entente”)
U.S. (After April, 1917)
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Italy

5. Green: Allies
Orange: Central Powers

6. 2 Front War Western front Eastern Front Western Europe Trench warfare-
stalemate with many soldiers and civilians dead
Eastern Front
Some fighting Russia

7. The Fighting Starts • Germany’s Schlieffen Plan:
- hold Russia, defeat France, then Russia
• By spring 1915, 2 parallel systems of trenches cross France
• “No man’s land”—barren expanse of mud between opposing trenches
• Scale of killing horrific, fighting inconclusive
• Armies fight to gain only yards of ground in bloody trench warfare

10. No Man’s Land

11. Trench Foot

12. New Technologies Tank Warfare Gases Machine Guns U-Boats
Airplane Warfare

13. British Mark II

14. Poison gas
Yellow-green chlorine fog that sickened, suffocated, burned , and blinded.
Gas masks became standard issue.

16. German U -boat

17. German Fokker Triplane

18. British Sopwith Camel

19. Socialists: Pacifists:
SSUSH15-A: Describe the movement from U.S. Neutrality to engagement in World War I, with reference to unrestricted submarine warfare.
Socialists:
Criticized the war as a capitalist/imperialist struggle between Germany and England to control markets and colonies in different regions.
Pacifists:
War was evil and that the U.S should set an example of peace

20. Many people had just come from Europe
SSUSH15-A: Describe the movement from U.S. Neutrality to engagement in World War I, with reference to unrestricted submarine warfare.
Many people had just come from Europe
German tactics and atrocities circulated in newspapers. (“Bully of Europe”)
• Many feel ties to British ancestry, language, democracy, legal system
U.S. had economic ties to Allies
War in Europe= Need for supplies from U.S.
U.S. had a labor shortage in 1915!

21. The British Blockade
• British blockade, mine North Sea, stop war supplies reaching Germany
- also stop food, fertilizer
• U. S. merchant ships seldom reach destinations
• Germany has difficulty importing food, fertilizer; by 1917, famine

22. German U-Boat Response
Germany sets up U-boat counterblockade of Britain
• U-boat sinks British liner Lusitania; 128 Americans among the dead
-U.S. public opinion turns against Germany
• President Wilson protests, but Germany continues to sink ships
• Germany asks U.S. to get Britain to end food blockade
- otherwise will renew unrestricted submarine war

24. U-Boat Political Cartoon
What does the sinking ship represent?
How is the U-boat represented in this cartoon?
What does the artist think is going to happen in the near future?

25. Who is the Menace of the Seas?
How could Americans help?

26. U.S. Gets Involved
• Wilson tries to mediate, calls for “a peace between equals”
• Kaiser announces U-boats will sink all ships in British waters
• Zimmerman note—proposes alliance of Germany, Mexico against U.S.
• Four unarmed American merchant ships sunk
• Wilson calls for war to make world “safe for democracy” April 6, 1917.

27. U.S. Gets Involved Cont.
• Selective Service Act—men register, randomly chosen for service
• Women in army, navy, marines as nurses, secretaries, phone operators
Mass Production begins to expand fleet to transport men, food, equipment to Europe
• Convoy system—destroyers escort merchant ships across Atlantic- losses drop dramatically
• Navy helps lay mines across North Sea, keep U-boats out of Atlantic
• 1918, Germans have difficulty replacing boats, trained submariners
• American troops bring numbers, freshness, enthusiasm

28. Allies Stop German Advance
• Russia pulls out of war 1917; Germans shift armies to western front
Americans help stop German advance, turn tide against Central Powers
• November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary surrenders to Allies
• German sailors, soldiers rebel; socialists establish German republic Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates
• Germans exhausted; armistice, or truce, signed November 11, 1918

29. Effects 22 million dead $338 billion dollars spent
Europe scarred by trenches, spent resources, and littered with the bodies of the millions who died in battle
22 million dead
$338 billion dollars spent
Four empires were shattered: The German, the Austro-Hungarian, the Ottoman and the Russian

30. Effects - Continued New roles for Women
U.S. becomes player on world stage
U.S. economy boom
Globalization of ideas
League of Nations

31. The Domestic Impact of WWI
SSUSH15B-
Explain the domestic impact of World War I, as reflected by the origins of the Great Migration, the Espionage Act, and socialist Eugene Debs.

32. - escape racial discrimination - take up new job opportunities
SSUSH15B- Explain the domestic impact of World War I, as reflected by the origins of the Great Migration, the Espionage Act, and socialist Eugene Debs.
• Great Migration—large-scale movement of Southern blacks to North
- escape racial discrimination
- take up new job opportunities
• Press of new migrants intensifies racial tensions in North

33. Attacks on Civil Liberties
Attacks against immigrants, especially from Germany, Austria-Hungary
• Suppression of German culture—music, language, literature
• Espionage and Sedition Acts—person can be fined, imprisoned for:
- interfering with war effort, speaking against government
• Violate 1st amendment; prosecute loosely defined antiwar activities
- target socialists, labor leaders

34. Eugene Debs
Socialist and Labor leader jailed in 1918 under Espionage Acts (interfering with draft and war recruiting effort)
Believed that capitalism should be replaced by a new cooperative system.

35. The Flu Epidemic
International flu epidemic of 1918 has devastating effect on economy
• As many as 30 million people die worldwide

36. Wilson Presents His Plan
Wilson’s plan for world peace known as Fourteen Points
• Points 1–5 propose measures to prevent another war
• 6–13 address how ethnic groups can form own nations or join others
• 14 calls for League of Nations
• League to enable nations to discuss, settle problems without war

37. The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan
Wilson fails to grasp anger of Allied leaders against Germany
• French premier Georges Clemenceau wants to prevent German invasion
• British Prime Minister David Lloyd George wants to “Make Germany Pay”
• Italian Vittorio Orlando wants Austrian-held territory
• Conference excludes Central Powers, Russia, small Allied nations
• Wilson gives up most of his points in return for League of Nations

38. Treaty of Versailles • Germany cannot have an army
- Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
- pay reparations, or war damages- $33 billion
- War-guilt clause- Germany must accept sole responsibility for war
Problems:
Germany cannot pay reparations that Allies want
• Russia loses more land than Germany; territorial claims ignored
• Colonized people’s claims for self-determination ignored

39. Opposition to the Treaty in U.S.
• Some think / feel: treaty too harsh, fear economic effects
- ethnic groups not satisfied with new national borders
- League of Nations threatens U.S. foreign policy of isolation
- Senators like Henry Cabot Lodge mistrust provision for joint action

40. Opposition Continued
Wilson goes on speaking tour to convince nation to support League (has stroke, is temporarily disabled)
Congress never ratifies the treaty- U.S., Germany sign separate treaty; U.S. never joins League
• Fears provoked by propaganda remain
• In Europe, destruction, loss of life damage social, political systems
- Communist, fascist governments form
• Treaty of Versailles does not settle conflicts in Europe

41. The Effects of Peace on the Public
War leaves Americans exhausted; debate over League divides them
• Economy adjusting: cost of living doubles; farm, factory orders down
- soldiers take jobs from women, minorities
- farmers, factory workers suffer
• Nativism—prejudice against foreign-born people—sweeps nation
• Isolationism—pulling away from world affairs—becomes popular

42. The Red Scare
Communism—economic, political system, single-party government
- ruled by dictator
- no private property
• 1919 Vladimir I. Lenin, Bolsheviks, set up Communist state in Russia
• U.S. Communist Party forms; some Industrial Workers of the World join
• Bombs mailed to government, businesses; people fear Red conspiracy
• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer takes action

43. The Palmer Raids
• Palmer, J. Edgar Hoover hunt down Communists, socialists, anarchists (political radicals)
• Anarchists oppose any form of government
• Raids trample civil rights, fail to find evidence of conspiracy
• Nativists: fewer unskilled jobs available, fewer immigrants needed
- Think immigrant anarchists and socialists are Communist

44. The Klan Rises Again
• Bigots use anti-communism to harass groups unlike themselves
• KKK opposes blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, unions, saloons
- 1924, 4.5 million members
• Klan controls many states’ politics; violence leads to less power

45. The Quota System 1919–1921, number of immigrants grows almost 600%
• Quota system sets maximum number can enter U.S. from each country
- sharply reduces European immigration
• 1924, European arrivals cut to 2% of number of residents in 1890
Discriminates against southern, eastern Europeans
• Prohibits Japanese immigration; causes ill will between U.S., Japan

46. High Tariffs and Reparations
• Fordney-McCumber Tariff raises taxes on U.S. imports to 60%
- Britain, France cannot repay U.S.
• Germany defaults; Dawes Plan—U.S. investors lend reparations money
- Britain, France repay; resentment on all sides

47. Producing Great Quantities of Goods
Most Americans believe prosperity will last forever
• Productivity increasing, businesses expanding
• Mergers in auto industry, steel, electrical equipment, utilities
• Chain stores develop; national banks allowed to create branches
• Income gap between workers, managers grows
• Iron, railroad industries not prosperous; farms suffer losses

48. Buying Goods on Credit • Banks provide money at low interest rates
• Installment plan—pay for goods over extended period with interest
• Banks provide money at low interest rates
• Some economists, business owners think installment buying excessive
• Think is sign of fundamental weakness behind superficial prosperity