1. Aim: What led to the rise of Fascism?
Title: Fascist Dictatorships in Italy and Germany Do Now: 1. Work with your neighbor(s) to fill out the graphic organizer pertaining to totalitarianism throughout the post war era… work quietly, or “constructive talk.”

2. Identify/recall some of the nonchalant/mundane choices you make every day
- i.e., music, movies, clothes,
transportation, food, drink, etc.

3. Now, how would you feel about a government that decided most or all of the above choices in which you made daily? Such governments are called totalitarian (TOTAL (all) I TARIAN (power or form of government in power) = dictatorship, autocrat (AUTO = self control – think of Wall-E [yes, I am referring to the movie – I did say I was corny]; CRAT = government), selfish, greedy ruler.

4. Confused? Think in terms of the central themes stemming from George Orwell’s “ Big Brother” = government is watching your every movement… - Think of all of the surveillance cameras practically everywhere… Stores, banks, places of business, TRCS!!!!! Look at how quick the government was able to locate the two “Boston Marathon Bombers” Think about that.

5. Other forms of leadership/government you ought to know:
Theocracy: THEO (God/deity) + CRACY (form of government/authority) = Government orchestrated/ruled by religious leaders/clerics. Ex: think in terms of Persepolis or the Pope and the Vatican in Rome.

6. Oligarchy (OLI = few/small group) + GARCHY (form of government/authority) = form of government where are strong/influential/wealthy few or group have all or most of the power.
Plutocracy (PLUTO = wealthy/elite group) + CRACY (form of government/authority) = government by wealthy/elite group.

7. Describe its characteristics…
Totalitarianism
What is it?
Describe its characteristics…

8. Total Control of State by a Dictator
Deny
Individual
Rights
Extreme
Nationalism
Supremacy of
The
State
TOTALITARIANISM
Increasing influence of new political parties that emphasize state control -For example: Communism, Nazism, Fascism
Total Control of State by a Dictator

9. Totalitarianism
Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state (political, military, economy, social, cultural)
Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)
Strict controls and laws
Military state (secret police, army, military)
Censorship (to examine printed materials to ban or delete information)
Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)
One leader (dictator); charismatic
Authoritarian (requiring absolute loyalty and obedience to the state
Terror and Fear

10. What is Totalitarianism?
Totalitarianism: a system of government in which a leader (dictator) has complete control over his country and the lives of his people
Key Traits of Totalitarianism
Dictator: strong leader with total power
One party: ruling party is the only legal political party
Strict government control of all aspects of life
business, religion, the arts, education, etc.
use of propaganda, censorship, terror, and secret
police to control people
Individuals have very few freedoms
No freedom of speech, religion, press, etc.

11. Why Europe in the 1920’s and 1930’s?
Countries had no tradition of self-government before WWI – the new self-government was forced upon nations not ready for it
1930’s saw a world wide depression, making struggling democracies face more problems

12. Totalitarian Leaders Why did they come to power? What did they want?
People wanted strong leaders to get them out of the Great Depression
Nationalism—they promised to make their countries big and powerful
What did they want?
Total control over country and people
Strong military and economy
More land—they were willing to go to war for it!

13. Compare & Contrast the two: Fascism vs. Nazism
1. What is Fascism?

14. Fascism
Fascism—a system of government based on extreme Nationalism. Nazism—a version of fascism that developed in Germany. Hitler added racism. Characteristics of Fascism/Nazism; 1. The state is more important that the people. 2. Individuals have no rights. Opposition suppressed by force. 3. Nation should have strong leaders with absolute power. 4. Reactionary (act first think later), irrational. 5. Not an economic theory. Private property is protected. Property owners have to do what the state orders. Communism is a hated enemy. 6. Have tended to be extremely militaristic. Shown by building up armies, leaders appearing in Uniform, favor military virtues of loyalty, obedience, order. Fascist Nations: former Iraq

15. Fascist ideology & Mussolini
Italian dictator Benito Mussolini coined the term in 1919, referring to the Roman symbol for “power through unity” – a
bundle of reeds
called “fasces,”
individually weak
but collectively strong.

16. Fasces: Symbol of Power in Ancient Rome

17. Find the Fasces – Symbol of Civic Authority In The U. S
Find the Fasces – Symbol of Civic Authority In The U.S. House of Representatives

18. Fascism
I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to First
European fascist dictator of Italy
What is Fascism?
intense nationalism and elitism
totalitarian control
interests of the state more important than individual rights
maintain class system and private ownership

19. The State Fascist Model Power Here
State casts aside all who do not serve its purpose
State =
eternal,
lasting I
Individual =
temporary, expendable
Individual exists to
serve the State (a tool)

20. The State Democratic Model Power Here Individual is most important I I
State serves the individual and may be replaced as expendable if it violates personal right to life, liberty, property

21. Fascist Principles Anti-individualistic Anti-democratic
Anti-egalitarian
Anti-capitalist
Anti-pacifist
Anti-internationalist
Anti-conservative
Anti-intellectual
Anti-Socialist/Communist

22. How does Mussolini gain popularity in Italy?
People are disappointed over the failure to win territorial gains in the Paris Peace conference after WWI
Inflation is rising and people want help
Unemployment is increasing and people want it FIXED!
The people were looking for someone to take action

23. What did Mussolini do once he was in power in Italy?
MADE BIG PROMISES to revive the economy and rebuild the armed forces
Founded the fascist party
Criticized the current government
Gained the support from the middle class, artisans and the Industrial leaders

24. Results with Mussolini in Charge in Italy:
Abolished democracy
Outlawed political parties
Established his own secret police
Censored the radio, all publications,
Outlawed strikes
Allied with Industrialists and large land owners against the “little guys”

25. What did Mussolini do once he was in power in Italy?
Italians constantly threatened violence and uprising if things didn’t change Mussolini had the support of the popular vote so King Victor Emmanuel III puts Mussolini in charge of the government

26. Two Types of Totalitarianism: Fascism & Nazism
Extreme nationalism – the nation is more important than the individual
Charismatic leader – big personality, good public speaker, inspires people
Different social classes – rich, middle class, poor
Anti-communism

27. Nazism
I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945.
What is Nazism? German fascism
extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian
based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party
belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race”
belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe
Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them

28. Nazism Fascism taken to its extreme form. Racist and anti-Semitic
elements that did not
appear in Italian fascism.

29. Nazi Military State GESTAPO: the Secret State Police
SS (Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps “black shirts”, an elite guard unit formed out of the SA
SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers (STAR WARS!!!!) "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political parties
Lebensraum (living space): concept that emphasized need for territorial expansion of Germany into east
Wehrmacht: German army
Einstazgruppen: Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing units

30. Nazi Controls Anti-semitism: Hostility and
discrimination against the jews
Territorial integrity: Territorial domain of a State
Armed Aggression: Military invasion, a War of conquest

33. Mein Kampf (1924)
The title means My Struggle, and it expounds on Hitler’s anti‑Semitism, worship of power, scorn for morality, and plan for world domination. Hitler wrote it in prison after a failed attempt to overthrow the German government

34. Questions from Mein Kampf
What is his central point in the selection you read?

35. Questions from Mein Kampf
That the blood of the highest race must be kept pure from intermingling with other races if human culture is to advance; corruption of blood leads to the destruction of culture.

36. Nazi racial theory Three races: Aryans (Germanic) – culture creating
Jews – culture destroying
Middle – culture maintaining
At various levels of hierarchy between Aryans and Jews.

37. Nazi racial theory
The belief that Germans were threatened the most from an internal enemy led to the Holocaust, the extermination of 6 million Jewish people in Europe.
Everything was sublimated to the need to purify the German race. In fact, it even drove Nazi policies that worked against the war effort.

38. Genocide
Nazi extermination of the Jews is considered to be Genocide ‑ the systematic extermination of a whole people or race. 
The U.S. government has called the killing of Sudanese in Darfur by government-sponsored militia a “genocide.”

39. Nazi racial theory
Hitler wrote, “The Jew has always been a people with definite racial characteristics and never a religion.” To him, the Jewish religion is not the problem.
If their religious faith is not a threat, why should Non-Jews worry about Jews?

40. The Jewish “Problem” Seek to pollute Aryan blood.
Cunning (not smart), with strong will to survive.
Seek to destroy higher cultures.
Not “idealistic;” no selfless or noble attitudes.
No original contributions to art or science.
In league with communists.
Betrayed German state during WWI.
Not human but subhuman.

41. Questions from Mein Kampf
How did Hitler make the argument about racial superiority?

42. Questions from Mein Kampf
1. Natural law: “one of the most patent principles of Nature's rule: the inner segregation of the species of all living beings on this earth.”
2. History: historical experience offers countless proofs, e.g., the purity of the race in North America has led to greater achievements than in Central & South America.
3. Religion: “sin against the will of the creator. He refers to a sin against the will of eternal Providence.”

43. Questions from Mein Kampf
What metaphors does Hitler use to refer to the Jewish people?

44. Questions from Mein Kampf
a horde of rats
parasites in the body of other peoples
subhuman

45. MEIN KAMPF : Book written by Hitler, set his ideas and goals:
Germans were a master race, that jews , latins, black people, gypsies,
Homosexuals, were inferior and should be destroyed
LEBENSRAUM: living space for Germans
VERSAILLES TREATY : should be destroyed

46. Both Totalitarian dictatorship – required absolute obedience to leader
Anti-democracy
Extreme militarism – glorification of military

47. Germany Adolf Hitler (1933-1945) Fascist
Leader
Adolf Hitler ( )
Government
Fascist
Political Party
Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers’ Party)
Policies/goals
Extreme German nationalism
Anti-Semitism (hatred of Jewish people)
Anti-communism
Fix economy
-Create jobs with public projects
Rebuild German military
Create a powerful German Empire
70% of the Nazi party was under 40…”Full of idealism, the young had faith that a better world was possible if Hitler took control.”
“[Nazis] do not believe that one soul is equal to another, one man equal to another. It does not believe in rights as such it aims to create the German man of strength, its task is to protect the German people, and all…must be subordinate to this goal.”
“The Nazi government set policies to control everyday life, including gender roles. In June 1933, a bill took effect that encouraged Aryans (those people defined as racially German) to marry and have children. The bill provided for loans to Aryan newlyweds, but only to couples in which the wife left the workforce. The loans were forgiven on the birth of the pair’s fourth child. The ideal woman gave up her job, gave birth to many children, and completely surrendered her will to that of men, allowing her husband to feel powerful despite military defeat and economic depression. A good wife ‘joyfully sacrifices and fulfills her fate,’ as one Nazi leader explained.”
Hitler Youth – mandatory organization for children over the age of 10, taught to report any adult suspected of disloyalty
Killed not only Jews, but the handicapped and elderly

48. Italy Benito Mussolini (1922-1943) Fascist Fascist Party Leader
Government
Fascist
Political Party
Fascist Party
Policies/goals
Extreme nationalism
-Make Italy a powerful nation
-Build Italian Empire
Fix economy
Restore order
Support Catholic Church
Anti-socialism
Anti-communism
The term “totalitarian” was created by an Italian journalist protesting Mussolini’s total control of life in Italy…he was beaten to death by Mussolini’s souldiers
Black shirts – Mussolini’s personal army made up of veterans and the unemployed….one of their favorite things to do to opponents was forcing castor oil down their throats (which caused diarrhea)
Mussolini was an atheist but supported the Catholic Church because of its importance to Italians, because of this the Catholic Church did not oppose him.
“Fascism is not a church, it is more like a training ground.”
Being critical of the government was made a crime.

49. Adolph Hitler
Hitler considered himself superior, eventhough he was a drifter & failed artist during his youth.
A corporal during WWI, he was devastated by Germany’s loss & blamed it on the Jews.
He started his political career at age 30, joining the German Workers Party. He had exceptional speaking skills & came to be revered by others in the party. He was chosen its leader in 1921, and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers Party.

50. ENABLING ACT: Act that
Gave Hitler Absolute
Power in Germany for four
Years-

52. “The Eternal Jew” Posters like this promoted a sharp rise in anti-Semitic feelings, and in some cases violence against the Jewish community.
Kristallnocht: The beginning of the nazi persecution of jews
This Nazi propaganda poster reads, ‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew.
Nuremberg Laws: Deprived jews of german citizenship and rights

53. kristallnacht
Kristallnacht—November 9, 1938—”Night of Broken Glass”—Jewish shops, synagogues, homes violently attacked—after a Jewish teenager from Germany shot a German diplomat in Paris—beginning of mass emigration of Jews and the forced removal to Jewish ghettos 53