1. Cardiovascular System Chapter 13
Objectives:
Identify structures and functions of the cardiovascular system.
Trace the flow of blood through the body.

2. Coverings of the Heart Pericardium: (?)
Visceral (?)pericardium (“epicardium”(?))
Innermost layer
Covers the heart
Parietal (?)pericardium
Outer layer of visceral pericardium
Forms inner lining of fibrous pericardium
Fibrous (?)pericardium
Dense connective tissue attached to central portion of diaphragm, posterior of sternum, vertebral column, and large blood vessels attached to heart

4. Pericardial Cavity
Space between parietal and visceral pericardium layers
Filled with serous fluid to reduce friction between the membranes as the heart moves

5. Wall of the Heart Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Outer layer
Corresponds to visceral pericardium
Protects heart by reducing friction
Myocardium
Thick, middle layer
Consists mostly of cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers
Endocardium
Inner layer
Epithelium and connective tissue

6. Heart Chambers & Valves
????
Four hollow chambers:
Upper chambers = atria (atrium)
Lower chambers = ventricles
Atria
Thin walls
Receive blood returning to the heart
Ventricles
Receive blood from the atria
Contract to force blood out of the heart into the arteries

7. Heart Chambers & Valves, continued…..
Left atrium and ventricle are separated from the right atrium and ventricle by a solid, wall-like septum.
Atrioventricular valves – separate ???
Tricuspid valve
on the right
“3 cusps”
Bicuspid valve (“mitral valve”)
on the left
“2 cusps”
Allows blood to flow ONLY from atrium to ventricular – no backflow

8. Heart Chambers & Valves, continued…..
Right atrium receives blood from:
Superior vena cava (???)
Inferior vena cava (???)
Coronary sinus – small vein that drains blood from the myocardium
Right ventricle
Thinner muscular wall than the left ventricle
Only has to pump blood to the lungs
Blood leaves the ventricle through the pulmonary valve, and enters the pulmonary trunk, which divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries.

9. Heart Chambers & Valves, continued…..
Left atrium receives blood from the lungs through 4 pulmonary veins.
Blood leaves the left ventricle through the aortic valve, into the aorta.
Ventricular wall is thicker than that of the right ventricle – has to pump blood to the rest of the body

10. Sketch & Label the Valves

11. Label the Exterior Heart

12. Label the Interior Heart

13. Add to Your Labeled Diagrams
Color the areas that contain oxygenated blood red.
Color the areas that contain unoxygenated blood blue. (***WHAT COLOR IS UNOXYGENATED BLOOD, REALLY?)
Add arrows to indicate the direction of blood through the whole system.
Write in the areas each blood vessel is going to or coming from (i.e., lungs, body, heart muscle).

14. Blood Supply to the Heart
Coronary arteries
Supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
The first 2 branches off the aorta, right beside the aortic valve
These are tiny!
Cardiac veins
Return blood from the myocardium to the coronary sinus.
What is the coronary sinus?

15. Blood Vessels
Arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → ???
Gas exchange between the blood and body tissues occurs in which blood vessels?
Arteries are under relative high pressure.
Veins have valves that prevent a backflow of blood.

16. Paths of Circulation Two major pathways:
Pulmonary circuit - lungs
Systemic circuit – body and heart
BOTH pathways have the 5 types of blood vessels.
The pulmonary circuit starts when blood is pumped out of the __________, and ends when blood returns to the _______.
The systemic circuit starts when blood is pumped out of the __________, and ends when blood returns to the _______.

17. Arterial System Aorta Largest diameter artery
Exits the left ventricle (1. ascending aorta)
Curves over the top and to the left of the heart (2. aortic arch)
3. Descending aorta gradually moves medially(?) until it lies directly in front of the vertebral column
Descending aorta ABOVE the diaphragm: 4. thoracic aorta
BELOW the diaphragm: 5. abdominal aorta

18. For this next part, you will need:
Handout to label as we go.
Add this chart to your notes *****:
Portion of Aorta
Major Branches
General Regions or Organs Supplied

19. Major Arteries of the Ascending Aorta
Right and left coronary arteries

20. Major Arteries of the Aortic Arch
Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

21. Major Arteries of the Descending Aorta
Bronchial artery

22. Major Arteries of the Thoracic Aorta
Pericardial artery
Esophageal artery
Mediastinal artery
Posterior intercostal artery

23. Major Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta
Celiac artery ( gives rise to gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries)
Phrenic artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Suprarenal arteries
Renal arteries
Gonadal arteries
Inferior mesenteric artery
Lumbar arteries
Middle sacral artery
Common iliac arteries

24. Arteries to the Neck, Head, and Brain
These branch off the subclavian and common carotid arteries.
Vertebral arteries
branch off the subclavian arteries
pass through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae
Enter the skull through the foramen magnum
Supply blood to the vertebrae and their ligaments and muscles

25. Arteries to the Neck, Head, and Brain, continued…..
Thyrocervical arteries
short vessels that branch off the subclavian arteries
give off branches to the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and pharynx

26. Arteries to the Neck, Head, and Brain, continued…..
Left and right common carotid arteries diverge into internal and external carotid arteries
External carotid artery goes up the side of the head giving off branches to structures in the neck, face, jaw, and base of the skull
Internal carotid artery follows a deeper course along the pharynx to the base of the skull
Provides the major blood supply to the brain

27. Arteries to the Shoulder and Upper Limb
After the subclavian artery pass between the clavicle and the 1st rib, it becomes the axillary artery, which then becomes the brachial artery.
A deep brachial artery branches off the brachial artery and curves around the humerus to supply the triceps brachii.
At the elbow, the brachial artery branches into radial and ulnar arteries. They rejoin at the wrist.
Which artery is used for taking a pulse?

28. Arteries to the Pelvis and Lower Limb
Common iliac arteries divide into internal and external arteries.
Internal supplies pelvic muscles and organs
External supplies lower limbs – becomes the femoral artery
Femoral artery supplies muscles and tissues of the thigh area.
As it approaches the knee, it becomes the popliteal artery, supplying the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf.

29. Arteries to the Pelvis and Lower Limb, continued…..
Popliteal artery branches into:
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery
Anterior tibial artery:
Passes between tibia and fibula
Supplies skin and muscles in anterior and lateral parts of leg
Becomes the dorsalis pedis artery (???)
Posterior tibial artery:
Descends beneath the calf muscle
Supplies skin, muscles, and other tissues of the leg

33. Venous System
MOST veins follow closely along their same-named arteries. (example: brachial artery and brachial vein)
Notable differences:
Aorta vs. vena cava
Internal and external carotid arteries vs. internal and external jugular veins