1. The Cardiovascular System
Chapter 14
The Cardiovascular System

2. Introduction Cardiovascular system: heart, blood and blood vessels
Cardiac muscle
Makes up bulk of heart
Provides force to pump blood
Function: transports blood

3. The Anatomy of the Heart

4. Introduction Located in the mediastinum Surrounded by pericardial sac
Fibrous pericardium: outer layer
Serous pericardium: inner layer

5. The Layers of the Heart Wall
Epicardium: outermost layer
Pericardial cavity: separates epicardium and serous pericardium
Myocardium: middle muscular layer
Endocardium: lines the heart

6. The Layers of the Heart Wall (cont’d.)

7. The Chambers of the Heart
Upper chambers: right and left atria
Lower chambers: right and left ventricles
Chambers separated internally by septum
External separations
Coronary sulcus: separates atria and ventricles
Interventricular sulci: separate ventricles

8. The Chambers of the Heart (cont’d.)

9. The Great Vessels of the Heart
Superior vena cava
Receives blood from upper body
Inferior vena cava
Receives blood from lower body
Coronary sinus: drains blood from heart

10. The Great Vessels of the Heart (cont’d.)
Pulmonary trunk: right and left artery
Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs
Pulmonary veins (four): return oxygenated blood to heart
Ascending aorta: oxygenated blood out to body
Aortic arch, descending thoracic, abdominal

11. Four Chambers of the Heart and Great Vessels

12. The Valves of the Heart Atrioventricular Tricuspid (three cusps)
Between right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid (two cusps)
Between left atrium and right ventricle
Cusps attach to ventricles by chordae tendineae

13. The Valves of the Heart (cont’d.)
Semilunar
Pulmonary
Right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk exits the heart
Aortic
Left ventricle
Ascending aorta leaves the heart

14. Blood Flow Through the Heart

15. Blood Flow Through the Heart (cont’d.)
Two atria contract while ventricles relax
Two ventricles contract while atria relax
Deoxygenated blood returns from body to right atrium
Sent to right ventricle, which pumps blood to lungs

16. Blood Flow Through the Heart (cont’d.)
Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium
Sent to left ventricle
Left ventricle sends blood to the body via the ascending aorta

17. The Conduction System of the Heart

18. The Conduction System of the Heart (cont’d.)
Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker; initiates impulse 
Atrioventricular (AV) node: sends impulse to AV bundle
Bundle of His: sends impulses to both sides of system

19. The Conduction System of the Heart (cont’d.)
Purkinje’s fibers: send impulse to myocardial cells

20. The Conduction System of the Heart (cont’d.)

21. Animation – The Heart
See the conduction system at work in the 3-D Heart animation.
Click Here to Play Conduction System Animation

22. A Cardiac Cycle

23. A Cardiac Cycle (cont’d.)
One cycle
Atria contract / ventricles relax
Ventricles contract / atria relax
Systole: contraction phase
Diastole: relaxation phase

24. Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes

25. Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes (cont’d.)
Systemic circulation
All blood leaving left ventricle (oxygenated)
All blood returning to right atrium (deoxygenated)
Subdivisions
Coronary circulation
Hepatic portal circulation

26. Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes (cont’d.)
Pulmonary: blood flow to lungs for gas exchange
Cerebral: route to the brain
Fetal: between developing fetus and mother

27. Anatomy of Blood Vessels

28. Anatomy of Blood Vessels (cont’d.)
Arteries and veins have three layers
Tunica intima: innermost layers
Tunica media: middle layer
Tunica adventitia: outer layer
Lumen: blood vessel cavity
Anastomosis: junction of blood vessels

29. Anatomy of Blood Vessels (cont’d.)
Arteries: thicker and stronger than veins
Arterioles: small arteries attach to capillaries
Capillaries: gas nutrient and waste exchange

30. Anatomy of Blood Vessels (cont’d.)
Venules: connect capillaries to veins
Veins: less elastic than arteries, contain valves

31. Major Arteries and Veins of the Body

32. Ascending Aorta Branches
Right and left coronary arteries branch off and supply the heart

33. Aortic Arch Branches 1st branch: brachiocephalic artery
Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery
2nd branch: left common carotid artery
Left internal carotid artery and left external carotid artery

34. Aortic Arch Branches 3rd branch: left subclavian artery
Vertebral artery, axillary artery, brachial artery and radial and ulnar arteries

35. Thoracic Aorta Branches
10 pairs of intercostal arteries
Bronchial arteries
Esophageal arteries
Phrenic arteries

36. Abdominal Aorta Branches
Celiac trunk
Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
Right and left renal arteries
Right and left gonadal arteries
Lumbar arteries
Right and left common iliac artery
Femoral artery

37. Abdominal Aorta Branches (cont’d.)
Veins
Found closer to surface than arteries
Converge with:
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Veins are often named identically to arteries

38. Veins Merging into the Superior Vena Cava
Radial and ulnar veins form brachial vein
Empties into axillary vein
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Subclavian vein
Vertebral vein

39. Veins Merging into the Superior Vena Cava (cont’d.)
Internal jugular vein
Right and left brachiocephalic veins
Azygos vein

40. Veins Merging into the Inferior Vena Cava
Anterior and posterior tibial veins
Peroneal vein
Popliteal/femoral veins
External iliac vein
Great saphenous veins
Right and left common iliac veins

41. Veins Merging into the Inferior Vena Cava (cont’d.)
Right and left gonadal veins
Right and left renal veins
Hepatic portal vein
Right and left hepatic veins

42. Animation – Ventricular Fibrillation
The following animation illustrates the seriousness of an ineffective quivering action of the ventricles of the heart, known as ventricular fibrillation
Click Here to Play Ventricular Fibrillation Animation

43. Animation – Congestive Heart Failure
Read about this condition in the Health Alert box on Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in your textbook.
Now watch the congestive heart failure animation.
Click Here to Play Congestive Heart Failure Animation

44. Summary Named the layers of the heart wall
Named the chambers and valves of the heart
Described blood flow through the heart
Described the conduction system of the heart

45. Summary (cont’d.) Discussed the stages of the cardiac cycle
Compared the anatomy of a vein, artery and capillary
Named the major blood circulatory routes and blood vessels