1. Genetic Engineering DNA technology

2. Palindromes  mom  wow  race car  straw warts  never odd or even  stella won no wallets  was it a car or a cat I saw  eva can I stab bats in a cave

3. Palindromic DNA sequences  GAATTC CTTAAG  The complementary strand reads the same backwards as the original strand reads forwards

4. What does this have to do with genetic engineering?  Restriction Endonucleases = DNA Scissors  These are enzymes that scientists use in genetic engineering  The enzyme recognizes a site on the DNA which is made of 4 to 6 bases.  The enzyme will cut DNA at these recognition sites.  These recognition sites are palindromes.  Cutting DNA at recognition sites is the first step in many types of DNA technology

5.  These restriction endonucleases have been used to:  Create recombinant DNA (The combination of DNA from two or more organisms)  DNA fingerprinting  Splice genes from one organism into another

6. Making a cloning vector 1. A bacterial plasmid (circular DNA) is used as one source of DNA and the second source can be from any other organism. 2. The 2 DNAs are cut at the palindromes. Both molecules become linear DNA with “sticky ends” 2. The two are mixed and the complementary sticky ends base pair with each other – creating a circle. 3. This genetically altered plasmid is put into a bacteria cell where it reproduces the protein that the DNA sequences for. Example: insulin

7. DNA Fingerprinting 1. Restriction endonucleases are used to cut DNA in several places. 2. The segments are then separated by a process called electrophoresis 3. Once the DNA fragments are separated each person (except identical twins) has a unique banding pattern and can be identified. 4. This technique is also used to determine how closely related different species are.

8. More Genetic Engineering….  Human Genome Project  Gene Therapy  Genetically engineered vaccines  Genetically modified foods (GMOs)  Cloning organs or whole organisms

9. Ethical Considerations  You decide…  Just because we can does it mean we should?