1. The 13 Colonies and the British Empire
Chapter 2
The 13 Colonies and the British Empire

2. Colony Types
Corporate: Investors place money into colony in hopes of making a profit
Example? Jamestown in its early years
Royal: Under direct authority of King
Example? Virginia *after its initial years as a corporate colony
Proprietary: governed by individuals given authority by King
Example? Maryland and Pennsylvania

3. 13 Colonies The darkest colonies are considered the NORTHERN COLONIES.
The white colonies are considered the MIDDLE COLONIES.
MARYLAND and VIRGINIA are sometimes considered “Chesapeake Colonies.”
The shaded colonies are considered the SOUTHERN COLONIES.

4. Maryland Founder: Lord Baltimore
Religious Atmosphere: Initially Catholic but quickly dominated by Protestants
Maryland Act of Toleration: Religious acceptance for all believers of Christ
Protestant Revolt: Repealed the Act of Toleration and eliminated voting rights for Catholics

5. Virginia
Jamestown Virginia was founded by John Rolfe, but the colony quickly moved from “joint-stock” to royal
Virginia House of Burgess is the first “assembly of elected representatives” in the North American English colonies
Bacon’s Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon trained a local militia to challenge taxes imposed on poor farmers. It was successful until his passing.
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6. One last thing about Virginia!
Headright system: goal was to increase population in Virginia thus stimulating the economy
Under this system, any immigrant that paid for his own passage or any plantation owner that paid for an immigrant’s passage received 50 acres of land!

7. Rhode Island
Founded by Roger William (kicked out of Massachusetts Bay for questioning Puritan ethic)
Champion of true religious tolerance and separation of church and state
Anne Hutchinson, also banished from Mass. Bay, settled in R.I.
Antinomianism: faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation

8. Connecticut Founder: Thomas Hooker
The colony was founded by unhappy Puritans from the Massachusetts Bay Colony
The first written constitution in the colonies was Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Established a limited representative government with a governor

9. Restoration Colonies
Created to restore the power of the English monarch, Charles II, following a brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell.
South Carolina: economy based on furs and providing food for the West Indies; eventually it will become filled with rice plantations maintained by African slaves
North Carolina: not as successful as SC; small tobacco farms; reputation for “democratic views”

10. New York
Taken from the Dutch to unite the New England and Chesapeake Colonies
Charles the II instated his brother (eventual James II) as the governor of New York
Taxes were raised in the colony without discussion with the assembly. This angered many colonists.
New Jersey: Part of the large New York colony was given to Lord Berkley—it became known as New Jersey
NJ was home to many Quakers and became a “religious tolerance” colony

11. Pennsylvania Founder: William Penn
Holy Experiment: refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas, and generate income/profit
Penn paid Natives for the land he used 
Penn eventually granted the lower colonies of Pennsylvania the ability to govern themselves—this became Delaware

12. Georgia Founder: James Oglethorpe
Last of the British colonies to be founded
Two main purposes: prevent Spanish Florida from invading SC plantations AND allow English convicts a chance to start anew

13. Religious Revival
Halfway Covenant: Puritans that were viewed as “not religious enough” could take an oath to practice religion in an orthodox fashion and were promised salvation
Temporary fix for Church membership; eventually the Puritan Church will once again lose momentum

14. Colonial Unity
New England Confederation: Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut and New Haven unified to create a militia to ward off invading Natives, French and the Dutch

15. King Philip’s War
The Confederation warded off the Wampanogs and leader Metacom (aka King Philip)
Metacom united tribes to fight the English but lost in a terribly bloody battle
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16. Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts were passed by the English Parliament in the seventeenth century. The Acts were originally aimed at excluding the Dutch from the profits made by English trade.
The Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1696 restricted American trade in the following ways;
1. Only British ships could transport imported and exported goods from the colonies.
2. The only people who were allowed to trade with the colonies had to be British citizens.
3. Commodities such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton wool which were produced in the colonies could be exported only to British ports.

17. Navigation Acts
Positives: English shipbuilding prospered, Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly, English military protected the colonies from French and Spanish attacks
Negatives: Colonial manufacturing was very limited, Chesapeake farms received low prices for their crops, colonists had to pay high prices for English goods.
*These Acts were poorly enforced by the British!

18. Slavery
Number of slaves grew rapidly between 1650 and the early 18th c.
half of Virginia’s population & two-thirds of South Carolina’s population
Why?
Wages in England increased = less immigration to colonies
Large plantation owners were disturbed by the political demands of indentured servants
As tobacco prices fell and indigo became more profitable, plantation owners needed a cheap labor source

19. Triangular Trade