1. (A) Top view of a paper Miura-ori pattern
(B) Hornbeam leaves in the process of leafing show a natural occurrence of Miura-ori. A single row of kinks along the midrib allows a folded leaf to be deployed once the bud opens
(A) Top view of a paper Miura-ori pattern
(C)Zigzag Miura-ori patterns in a thin
film that is compressed biaxially as it dries.
Mahadevan and Rica Self-Organized Origami. Science 307: 1740

2. Beech at different stages of development. (Kobayashi et al. 1998
Beech at different stages of development. (Kobayashi et al The geometry of unfolding tree leaves. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265: )

3. Hornbeam at different stages of development. Kobayashi et al. 1998.

5. You can make your own folded leaf. (Kobayashi et al. 1998)
Are there other patterns of folding? Does the packaging of young leaves relate to phylogeny?

6. Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups
These 3 groups are unresolved

7. 4 Main Angiosperm Groups Shown on Qiu’s Tree
4. Eudicots- the largest group
2. Magnoliids
3. Monocots
1. Basal Angiosperms

8. Qui et al. 1999
4. Eudicots- the largest group
Laurales
2. Magnoliids
Magnoliales
Piperales
Canellales
3. Monocots
1. Basal Angiosperms

9. Magnoliales(4 families)
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia

11. Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora
Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora

12. Magnolia grandiflora
Note many flower parts on an enlarged receptacle, leaf-like stamens.

13. Young fruits (follicles) developing.
Magnolia grandiflora
Young fruits (follicles) developing.
Stigmas are turning brown, anthers are drying up.
Petals have been removed.

14. Follicles have dehisced releasing a bright red seed suspended on a slender thread.

16. Magnoliales
Magnoliaceae
Liriodendron

17. Liriodendron tulipifera, Tulip Tree, Magnoliaceae- note tulip-shaped leaf, radial symmetry, woody, many flower parts.

18. Cross section:
Note expanded receptacle, many stamens and carpels, leaf-like stamens, radial symmetry.

19. Liriodendron tulipifera. Carpels separate at maturity producing samaras. (www.csdl.tamu.edu)

20. Laurales (5 families)
Lauraceae
Sassafras albidum

22. Sassafras albidum, Sassafras, Lauraceae
Note: male and female flowers (dioecious), 3 leaf shapes, woody.

23. Sassafras albidum, Sassafras, Lauraceae, Fruit = drupe with a bright red expanded cup-like receptacle.

24. Persea americana, Avocado, fruits (drupe)

25. Piperales (5 families)
Piperaceae
Piper spp.

26. Piperaceae Inflorescence a spike densely covered with minute flowers
Leaves alternate, pinnate to palmate venation.
Nodes Swollen and Jointed
Each flower with a peltate bract.

27. Piperaceae Piper nigrum Black Pepper Note: Infructescence
Jointed stems
Palmate-like venation

28. Piper nigrum, Black pepper, Piperaceae
The joints on the stems are very clear in the first view.
The riper red drupes are clear in the second view.

29. Peppers Green Black White Pickled Green Pickled Red Oxidized or
fermented peppers
Green Black White
Outer layer removed by soaking the pepper for 1-week in running water. This reveals the white “pit”.
Early harvest, quick drying to prevent fermentation
Color of unripe drupes
Color of ripe drupes
Pickled Green Pickled Red
Note Pink Peppercorns, (different from the red peppercorns above), are not from Piper sp. at all-- but rather the berries from Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae).

30. Inflorescence of Piper, Pepper, Piperaceae

31. Typical flowers of the Piperaceae
Note: No sepals and petals
Flower subtended by a peltate (mushroom shaped) bract.
2 anthers in this species
stigma

32. More examples of inflorescences of Piperaceae- identify the flower parts.

33. The rhizomes of Piper methysticum are used to prepare Kava-- a drink used to “facilitate social interaction!”

34. 4. Eudicots- the largest group
Laurales
2. Magnoliids
Magnoliales
Piperales
Canellales
3. Monocots
1. Basal Angiosperms