1. POPULATION and Urban Development
Thought Questions:
1. What things would cause people to leave a certain place?
2. What factors would cause people to move to a certain place?

2. Key Understandings
People are not distributed equally on the earth’s surface
The world’s population continues to grow, but at different rates in different regions

3. What would it look like if the world’s population was reduced to 100 people?

4. REGIONS
Part of the Earth’s surface that is alike or connected in some way, such as by politics, economics, culture, or environment.
1) Formal Region, 2) Functional Region, and 3) Perceptual Region

5. DEMOGRAPHY Demography: The study of population
Demographer: A person who studies demography
Demographics: the statistical data of a population showing age, gender, income, education, etc.

6. GLOBALIZATION
Describes an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade.

7. Global Population Distribution
Population Distribution of the Earth is uneven due to factors such as climate, landscape, transportation routes, and available resources.
There are FOUR centers of heavy population in the world
These areas contain more than 70% of the Earth’s population

8. World Geography Population
Eastern Asia has the greatest concentration of people on Earth – it is centered in China and has 21% of Earth’s population.
2) Southern Asia is the second largest concentration of
people – it is centered in India and has 16% of the Earth’s pop.
llhammon Fall 2010

9. World Geography Population
3) Western Europe is the third largest concentration.
In Western Europe people are concentrated near natural resources needed for industry.
llhammon Fall 2010

10. World Geography Population
East Central North America is the fourth largest center concentrated in the NE US and SE Canada.
In the US, the chain of cities start from the city of Boston to south of Washington DC.
- This is called a megalopolis.
llhammon Fall 2010

11. World Geography Population
Africa has 12% of the Earth’s population.
Largest cluster of people found in the Nile River Valley.
Cairo is the largest city in Africa.
llhammon Fall 2010

12. World Geography Population
South America is lightly populated compared with other continents.
Patterns of people live along the edges of the continent – SE Buenos Aires in Argentina, Montevideo in Uruguay, and Rio de Janeiro and Recife in Brazil.
llhammon Fall 2010

13. World Geography Population
Australia has the fewest number of people.
They are concentrated along the eastern and southern coasts.
(17.5 million people total on the entire continent. – as much as the NYC metro area)
llhammon Fall 2010

14. World Geography Population
North Pole
llhammon Fall 2010

15. World Geography Population
World Population by Continent
llhammon Fall 2010

16. Population Density The number of people in a unit of space
Example: 8,000 people per square mile

17. Population Density

18. World Geography Population
Population Issues – The 20th century world population "explosion," from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 6.1 in 2000, was a direct result of the rapid decline in mortality rates in less developed countries. As death rates declined, life expectancy rose, leading to higher population.
Population explosion issues:
how to increase food supplies
how to make better use of farmland
how to improve eating habits and to take advantage of resources
how to find new sources of food.
llhammon Fall 2010

19. World Geography Population
Food Supply
The rate of population growth was more than the amount of food produced.
More than 13 million to 18 million people die each year because they do not have a good diet.
(35,000 a day; 24 a minute – most are children)
More land is needed for agriculture
Productive farming methods
More productive farming techniques
Using new food sources
New sources of food
Today 90% of the world’s food comes from 15 crops and 7 livestock animals.
There are more than 10 million kinds of plants and animals on Earth.
llhammon Fall 2010

20. PUSH & PULL FACTORS
The push factor involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place.
The pull factor is what draws people to a new location.

21. Migration – Push & Pull Factors
Most people move because of economic or political reasons
Pushed from a bad situation
Less developed country
Pulled to a better situation
More developed country, access to resources, better economy
People also move from rural to urban areas
Huge demand on city infrastructure and economy
Job market, living quarters

22. LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT & STANDARD OF LIVING

23. Birth & Fertility Rate
Birth Rate: number of live births per 1000 people
Fertility Rate: average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime

24. Death Rates Death (Mortality) Rate – number of deaths per 1000 people
Infant Mortality Rate – number of deaths among infants under 1 year old, per 1000 live births

25. Rate of Natural Increase
Rate of Natural Increase: the percentage a population grows in one year
Birth Rate minus Death Rate =
Rate of Natural Increase

26. “The J Curve”
What happened in the last 1000 years that enabled the population to grow so dramatically?
Agricultural Revolution – better food, knowledge of farming
Industrial Revolution – higher standard of living

28. Over Population
Over Population: the number of people exceeds the resources available in an area
Carrying Capacity: the number of organisms a piece of land can support without negative effects.

29. POPULATION PYRAMIDS

30. Population Pyramids
Graph that shows the percentage of population in certain age groups
Separates Male and Female
Allows you to make predictions

31. Deciphering Population Pyramids
In this first video, "Deciphering Population Pyramids," PRB senior demographer Carl Haub shows how population pyramids give us a snapshot of a country's demographic profile. But what do they tell us about a country's past and future? "These videos not only show that demography can be exciting, but also highlight how population trends and issues affects the well-being of us all," says Haub. "Fertility, mortality, and migration—along with other demographic issues—play a major role in determining what kind of opportunities and challenges people face in their communities and countries."

32. Stage One High Birth Rate High Death Rate Result: slow growth rates
Pre-industrial, hunter/gatherer societies in remote areas.

33. Stage Two High Birth Rate Low or Falling Death Rate
Result: Rapid Growth Rate
Very LOW Standard of Living
Found In Least Developed Countries
South America
Southern Africa
Asia

34. Stage Three
Moderate to High Birth Rate
Low Death Rate
Result: Explosive Growth Rates
Causes a large population increase, but standard of living remains low
Developing Countries and the Newly Industrialized Countries
Found In Countries:
Mexico
Southeast Asia
Middle East

35. Stage Four Low birth rates Low death rates
Result: slow or no growth rates
Population slowly increases, with a high standard of living
Developed Countries
USA
Canada
Australia
Europe

36. Stage Five Negative Birth Rate Low Death Rate
NEGATIVE or NO GROWTH
Low Death Rate
Result: No growth, even population loss
Population begins to shrink, usually has a high standard of living
Found In “Post-Developed” Countries
Germany
Sweden
Norway
Italy

37. High fertility and mortality = broad base
Rapid, Slow, Zero and Negative Population Growth
High fertility and mortality = broad base
Low fertility and mortality = narrow base

38. Demographic Transition Model
Complex line graph that categorizes a country based on:
- Birth Rate
- Death Rate
- Population Growth
Determines:
1) Growth, 2) Standard of Living, and 3) Level of industrialization

39. Key Questions and Terminology
Key Questions: Where is the world’s population increasing and decreasing?  What do these measures tell us about a country’s population?  What kind of general trends can we develop using these trends?
Population trends can be determined by the natural increase, fertility, and mortality.
The natural increase rate (NIR) measures the population growth. It is computed by dividing the crude birth rate (CBR) by the crude death rate (CDR). The CBR is the total number of births for every 1,000 people in a year. The CDR is the total number of deaths for every 1,000 people in a year.
Fertility rate (TFR) measures the number of births in a society; it is the average number of children that each woman has throughout their life.
Mortality can be measured by the infant mortality rate (IMR) which is the number of deaths each year of infants under a year of age compared to the total number of births.
Life expectancy which measures the average life span of a newborn can expect at current mortality levels.

40. The Demographic Transition

41. The Demographic Transition
Stage One:
CBR (Country Birth Rate) - very high
CDR (Country Death Rate) - very high
NRI (Natural Rate Increase) - low Population Growth: Low
Movement from Stage One to Stage Two:
MDC- Industrial Revolution
LDC- Medical Revolution
Stage Two:
CBR- very high
CDR- plummets
NIR- high Population Growth: High
Movement from Stage Two to Stage Three:
Changes in Social customs and improved technology

42. Demographic Transition
Stage Three:
CBR: Drops quickly
CDR: Falling put slower than before
NIR: slows Population Growth: Moderate
Movement from Stage Three to Stage Four:
greater gender equity, more women working and improved birth control
Stage Four:
CBR: low
CDR: low
NIR: low Population Growth: Low

43. Demographic Transition
Examples of Countries and Regions of each stage of demographic transition:
Stage One: A few remote groups
Stage Two: Sub-Saharan Africa
Nigeria, Sierra Leon, Cape Verde
Stage Three: East Asia, Latin America, Middle East
China, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Chile
Stage Four: Some in Western Europe
to United Kingdom, Denmark
Stage Five: Germany, United States, Japan

44. Demographic Transition Model

45. Summary
The TFR or total fertility rate, and IMR or Infant mortal rate help compose each countries overall Natural Increase rate, or the percentage by which a population grows in a year.
In LDC’s a lack of contraceptives contributes to the high fertility rate, poor health care, as well as unsanitary conditions lead to high mortality rates. This keeps LDC’s in stage 2 or 3 of the demographic transition. 
In MDC’s the IMR (infant mortality rate) has significantly decrease due to the industrial revolution which promoted sanitation and improved health care.   Due to the decreasing IMR, MDC’s began encouraging smaller families and an increase use of contraceptives decreased MDC’s overall total fertility rate.
This lowering in the fertility rate helps MDC’s enter stage 4 of the demographic transition model where the population begins leveling off, and find an equilibrium. 
However, MDC’s mortality rate is actually higher then that of LDC’s due to the fact that those living during prior stages of the demographic transition are beginning to die off.

46. Urban Development - 3 Basic Land Use Patterns
Residential – Single family housing and apartments
Commercial – Used for private businesses and retail.
Industrial - Areas reserved for manufacturing

47. Important Terms
Urban sprawl – Growth without planning and separating residential, commercial, and sometimes industrial areas
CBD – Central Business District