The Human Population & Earth’s Carrying Capacity A Real-Life Game of Musical Chairs

Name: The Human Population & Earth’s Carrying Capacity A Real-Life Game of Musical Chairs
Uploaded: 2017-08-27T23:41:31+00:00
Duration: PTM19S33
Channel: Gwenda Todd
Description: The Human Population & Earth’s Carrying Capacity A Real-Life Game of Musical Chairs

The Human Population & Earth’s Carrying Capacity A Real-Life Game of Musical Chairs
Objectives Describe how the size and growth rate of the human population has changed in the last 200 years. Define four properties that scientists use to predict population sizes. Make predictions about population trends based on age structure. Describe the four stages of the demographic transition. Explain why different countries may be at different stages of the demographic transition. Describe three problems caused by rapid human population growth. Compare population growth problems in more-developed countries and less developed countries. Analyze strategies countries may use to reduce their population growth. Describe worldwide population projections into the next century.

National Science Education Standards Content Standard F – Population Growth Populations grow or decline through the combined effects of births and deaths, and through emigration and immigration. Populations can increase through linear or exponential growth, with effects on resource use and environmental pollution. Various factors influence birth rates and fertility rates, such as average levels of affluence and education, importance of children in the labor force, education and employment of women, infant mortality rates, costs of raising children, availability and reliability of birth control methods, and religious beliefs and cultural norms that influence personal decisions about family size. Populations can reach limits to growth. Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals that can be supported in a given environment. The limitation is not the availability of space, but the number of people in relation to resources and the capacity of earth systems to support human beings. Changes in technology can cause significant changes, either positive or negative, in carrying capacity.

Key Terms Demography Age Structure Survivorship Fertility Rate Migration Life Expectancy Demographic Transition Infrastructure Arable Land Urbanization Least Developed Countries

Focus Questions Describe how the size and growth rate of the human population has changed in the last 200 years. Define four properties that scientists use to predict population sizes. Explain what we can predict about a population’s likely growth rates based on its current age structure. Describe the four stages of the demographic transition. Explain why the oldest people in a population may be much older than the average life expectancy. Describe three problems caused by rapid human population growth. Compare the population growth in more-developed countries to population growth in less developed countries. Describe worldwide population projections for the next 50 years.

Demography is the study of the characteristics of populations, especially human populations.

The Human Population Over Time

The Human Population Over Time In the past 200 years, the population has increased from about 1 billion to over 6 billion and the growth rate has increased. This change was made possible by improvements in: Healthcare Nutrition Sanitation

Forecasting Population Size Scientists use the following four properties to predict population sizes: Age Structure Survivorship Fertility Rates Migration

Forecasting Population Size – Age Structure Age structure is the classification of members of a population into groups according to age or the distribution of members of a population in terms of age groups.

Forecasting Population Size – Age Structure

Forecasting Population Size – Age Structure What can we predict about a population’s likely growth rates based on its current age structure? If a population has more young people than older people, the population size will probably increase as the young people grow up and have children.

Forecasting Population Size – Survivorship Survivorship is the percentage of newborn individuals in a population that can be expected to survive to a given age.

Forecasting Population Size – Survivorship

Forecasting Population Size – Fertility Rates Fertility rate is the number of births (usually per year) per 1000 women of childbearing age (usually 15 to 44).

Forecasting Population Size – Fertility Rates

Forecasting Population Size – Migration Migration is any movement of individuals or populations from one location to another; specifically, a periodic group movement that is characteristic of a given population or species.

Forecasting Population Size – Migration

Declining Death Rates Life expectancy is increasing! Life expectancy is the average length of time that an individual is expected to live.

Declining Death Rates

Declining Death Rates Life expectancy is sometimes deceptive. The oldest people in a population may be much older than the average life expectancy. Life expectancy is affected by infant mortality. If infant mortality is high, it brings down life expectancy. Many people live past life expectancy because the number is an average of all life spans.

The Demographic Transition The demographic transition is the general pattern of demographic change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, as observed in the history of more-developed countries.

The Demographic Transition – Stages of the Transition

The Demographic Transition – Stages of the Transition
The Human Population & Earth’s Carrying Capacity A Real-Life Game of Musical Chairs The Demographic Transition – Stages of the Transition Four stages: Stage 1 (Preindustrial) – Birth and death rates are high so the population grows slowly or not at all. Stage 2 (Transitional) – Birth rates remain high but death rates decline as hygiene, nutrition, and education improve. The population increases. Stage 3 (Industrial) – Birth rates and death rates are about equal, so the population stabilizes. Stage 4 (Postindustrial) – Birth rates decline while the death rates stay low, so the population decreases.

The Demographic Transition – How to decline birth rates… Four significant factors that cause a decline in birth rate are: Increased education for women Increased economic independence for women Increased cost per child Increased availability of pensions for elderly people

The Demographic Transition – How to decline birth rates…

Changing Population Trends Rapid human population growth leads to serious problems. A rapidly growing population uses resources at an increased rate and can overwhelm the infrastructure of a community. Infrastructure is the basic facilities of a country or region, such as roads, bridges, and sewers.

Changing Population Trends - Infrastructure

Problems of Rapid Growth Three major problems associated with rapid human population growth are: Fuel Shortages Unsafe Water Impacts on Land

Problems of Rapid Growth – Fuel Shortages

Problems of Rapid Growth – Unsafe Water

Problems of Rapid Growth – Impacts on Land

Problems of Rapid Growth – Impacts on Land Negative impacts on land caused by rapid human population growth include: 1. Shortage of Arable Land Arable land is farmland that can be used to grow crops. 2. Urbanization Urbanization is an increase in the ratio or density of people living in urban areas rather than rural areas.

Problems of Rapid Growth – Impacts on Land

A Demographically Diverse World Demographers have divided the world into two regions: More Developed Countries – higher average incomes, slower population growth, and diverse industrial economies. Less Developed Countries – lower average incomes, rapid population growth, and diverse industrial economies.

A Demographically Diverse World

A Demographically Diverse World – Least Developed Countries

A Demographically Diverse World – Least Developed Countries Least developed countries are countries that have been identified by the United Nations as showing the fewest signs of development in terms of income, human resources, and economic diversification.

A Demographically Diverse World

A Demographically Diverse World Less developed countries typically have higher birth rates and lower life expectancies than more developed countries.

Managing Development and Population Growth The governments of some countries have tried to reduce birth rates by employing the following strategies: Public advertisements Family planning programs Economic incentives Legal punishments

Managing Development and Population Growth

Growth Is Slowing

Growth Is Slowing The worldwide population is expected to increase for the next 50 years and reach between 8 and 11 billion. The exact amount of increase is uncertain.

Will there be enough chairs for everyone?

Will there be enough chairs for everyone? HOMEWORK Keep checking the website for updates – readings, lecture videos, lecture notes, assessment data, assessment answer keys. Study the readings for a formative quiz at the beginning of the next class. All current and upcoming material will be posted on the “Home” page.

The Human Population & Earth’s Carrying Capacity A Real-Life Game of Musical Chairs

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