1. CHAPTER 15 - The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790–1860

2. Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements
Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture?

3. Theme (Social): The spectacular religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening reversed a trend toward secular rationalism in American culture, and helped to fuel a spirit of social reform. In the process, religion was increasingly “feminized,” while women in turn took the lead in movements of reform, including those designed to improve their own condition. When in trouble, go back to go forward…??? Maslow?

4. Theme (Social): The attempt to improve Americans’ faith, morals, and character affected nearly all areas of American life and culture, including education, the family, literature, and the arts—culminating in the great crusade against slavery. So, does education breed caring, empathy, and the right type of tolerance?

5. Theme (Social): Intellectual and cultural development in America was less prolific than in Europe, but they did earn some international recognition and became more distinctly American, especially after the War of Is this nationalism? I thought nationalism was just a political thing. What’s right about it? What’s wrong?Is this driven by economics?

6. Theme (political): Tax-supported public education was deemed essential for social stability and democracy. The political sphere was needed to finance the education of society. Today: property taxes…good? Theme (political): Neal Dow sponsored the Maine Law of 1851, which called for a ban on the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. Political/Government legislation of moral standards. Good/Bad?

7. Theme (Economic)The key to Oneida's financial success was the manufacture of steel animal traps and silverware. This utopian society used business to finance their social goals. Is this okay? Today’s examples?
Theme (Economic) The beliefs advocated by John Humphrey Noyes included all of the following:
no private property. 
sharing of all material goods.
contrary to the ideal of economic freedom and individual growth…American dream?

8. Main Ideas
In early nineteenth century America, movements of moral and religious reform accompanied the democratization of politics and the creation of a national market economy. After a period of growing rationalism in religion, a new wave of revivals beginning about 1800 swept out of the West and effected great change not only in religious life but also in other areas of society.

9. Main Ideas
Existing religious groups were further fragmented, and new groups like the Mormons emerged. Women were especially prominent in these developments, becoming a major presence in the churches and discovering in reform movements an outlet for energies that were often stifled in masculinized political and economic life.

10. A third revolution accompanied the reformation of American politics and the transformation of the American economy in the mid-nineteenth century, which contained all of the following characteristics:
improved the character of ordinary Americans. 
made Americans more upstanding and God-fearing. 
made Americans more literate and educated. 
poured their energies into religious revivals and reform movements.

11. the reliance on reason rather than revolution.
The Deist faith embraced all of the following:   
the reliance on reason rather than revolution. 
belief in a Supreme Being. 
belief in human beings' capacity for moral behavior. 
denial of the divinity of Christ.
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Deists like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin endorsed the belief that a Supreme Being endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior.

12. Unitarians held the following beliefs:
the belief that God existed in only one person. 
the denial of the divinity of Christ. 
they stressed the essential goodness of human nature. 
endorsed the concept of salvation through good works and the rule of reason and free will.

13. All the following are true of the Second Great Awakening: 
resulted in the conversion of countless souls. 
encouraged a variety of humanitarian reforms. 
strengthened democratic denominations like the Baptists and Methodists. 
was a reaction against the growing liberalism in religion.   
Religious revivals resulting in a strong religious influence in many areas of American life.
made religion more reliant on women as members and social reformers.
promoted religious diversity.

14. The Second Great Awakening tended to widen the lines between classes and regions.
The religious sects that gained most from the revivalism of the Second Great Awakening were the Methodists and Baptists.
The religious zeal of the Second Great Awakening led to the founding of many small, denominational, liberal arts colleges, chiefly in the  South and West, many of which lacked much intellectual vitality.

15. The greatest of the revivalist preachers, Charles Grandison Finney advocated  opposition to slavery, a perfect Christian kingdom on earth, opposition to alcohol, and public prayer by women.

16. The Mormon religion originated in the Burned-Over District of New York.
The original prophet of the Mormon religion was Joseph Smith.
Besides polygamy, a characteristic of Mormonism that angered many non-Mormon Americans was their voting as a unit and openly drilling their militia.
Another characteristic of the Mormons that angered many non-Mormons was their emphasis on cooperative or group effort.

17. Main Ideas
Among the first areas to benefit from the reform impulse was education. The public elementary school movement gained strength, while a few women made their way into still tradition-bound colleges.
Women were also prominent in movements for improved treatment of the mentally ill, peace, temperance, and other causes. By the 1840s some women also began to agitate for their own rights, including suffrage. The movement for women’s rights, closely linked to the antislavery crusade, gained adherents even while it met strong obstacles and vehement opposition.

18. Tax-supported public education was deemed essential for social stability and democracy.
The idea of free public education as an essential component of American democracy grew in the early nineteenth century with the influence of Thomas Jefferson and Horace Mann.
In the first half of the nineteenth century, tax-supported schools were  chiefly available to educate the children of the poor.
Noah Webster's dictionary   helped to standardize the American language.

19. One strong prejudice inhibiting women from obtaining higher education in the early nineteenth century was the belief that too much learning would injure women's brains and ruin their health.
Women became especially active in the social reforms stimulated by the Second Great Awakening because evangelical religion emphasized their spiritual dignity, and religious social reform legitimized their activity outside the home.

20. Born: September 23, 1800 Claysville, Pennsylvania Died:May 4, 1873 (aged 72) Charlottesville, Virginia Occupation Educator, Academic Author Known for McGuffey Readers

21. Example
New England reformer Dorothea Dix is most notable for her efforts on behalf of  prison and asylum reform.

22. Two areas where women in the nineteenth century were widely thought to be superior to men were moral sensibility and artistic refinement.

23. Sexual differences were strongly emphasized in nineteenth-century America because the market economy increasingly separated men and women into distinct economic roles.
One sign that women in America were treated better than women in Europe was that rape was more severely punished in the United States.

24. The excessive consumption of alcohol by Americans in the 1800s stemmed from the hard and monotonous life of many.
Neal Dow sponsored the Maine Law of 1851, which called for a ban on the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor.
By the 1850s, the crusade for women's rights was eclipsed by abolitionism.

25. Main Ideas
While many reformers worked to improve society as a whole, others created utopian experiments to model their religious and social ideals. Some of these groups promoted radical sexual and economic doctrines, while others appealed to high-minded intellectuals and artists.

26. The beliefs advocated by John Humphrey Noyes included all of the following:
no private property. 
sharing of all material goods. belief in a vengeful deity. 
key to happiness is the suppression of selfishness. 
improvement of the human race through eugenics.

27. The most successful of the early-nineteenth-century communitarian experiments was at Oneida, New York.
The key to Oneida's financial success was the manufacture of steel animal traps and silverware.   
The Oneida colony declined due to widespread criticism of its sexual practices.
Most of the utopian communities in pre-1860s America held cooperative social and economic practices as one of their founding ideals.      

28. Main Ideas
American culture was still quite weak in theoretical sciences and the fine arts, but a vigorous national literature blossomed after the War of In New England the literary renaissance was closely linked to the philosophy of transcendentalism promoted by Emerson and others. Many of the great American writers like Walt Whitman reflected the national spirit of utopian optimism, but a few dissenters like Hawthorne and Melville explored the darker side of life and of their own society.

29. The American medical profession by 1860 was noted for its still primitive standards.
When it came to scientific achievement, America in the 1800s was more interested in practical matters.
America's artistic achievements in the first half of the nineteenth century were least notable in architecture.
Perhaps the greatest inhibiting factor for American artists in the first half of the nineteenth century was the Puritan prejudice that art was a waste of time.

30. The Hudson River school excelled in the art of painting landscapes.
A genuinely American literature received a strong boost from the wave of nationalism that followed the War of 1812.

31. All of the following influenced transcendental thought:
German philosophers. 
Oriental religions.  
individualism. 
love of nature.
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Transcendentalists believed that all knowledge came through an inner light.

32. “Civil Disobedience,” an essay that later influenced both Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., was written by the transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau.

33. The Poet Laureate of Democracy, whose emotional and explicit writings expressed a deep love of the masses and enthusiasm for an expanding America, was Walt Whitman.
A dark writer whose genres included poetry, horror stories, and detective fiction was Edgar Allan Poe, one American writer who did not believe in human goodness and social progress
The writer who faded to obscurity in the nineteenth century but was recognized as one of America's greatest geniuses in the twentieth century was Herman Melville.
The most noteworthy southern novelist before the Civil War was  William Gilmore Simms.

34. Virtually all the distinguished historians of early-nineteenth-century America came from New England.
WHY?
DONE :#)

35. How important is a free public education to a republic
How important is a free public education to a republic? If it is important, why then was early education so poor? If it is not important, why did it begin? Do you agree that public education was "an insurance premium that the wealthy paid for stability and democracy," as the authors assert? Is it important to a republic to have compulsory public education?

36. The American Pageant - Chapter 15
The Second Great Awakening was in part an evangelical religious reaction against
1. the growing influence of Catholicism in America.
2. widespread secularism and atheism.
3. the growth of liberal religious movements like Unitarianism and Deism.
4. the loss of political and social influence by the clergy.

37. The Second Great Awakening was in part an evangelical religious reaction against
3. the growth of liberal religious movements like Unitarianism and Deism.
See page 321.

38. Methodists and Baptists were large denominational winners in the Second Great Awakening largely because of their doctrines of
1. predestination and the perseverance of the saints.
2. liturgical renewal and frequent reception of holy communion.
3. strong clergy leadership and religious education.
4. personal religious conversion and democratic church governance.

39. Methodists and Baptists were large denominational winners in the Second Great Awakening largely because of their doctrines of
4. personal religious conversion and democratic church governance.
See pages 321–322.

40. Before their great migration to Utah in 1846–1847, the Mormons had lived in all the following places except
1. upstate New York.
2. Illinois
3. Kentucky.
4. Illinois.

41. Before their great migration to Utah in 1846–1847, the Mormons had lived in all the following places except
3. Kentucky.
See page 323.

42. The best American painting before the Civil War increasingly turned to
1. portraits.
2. realistic social depiction.
3. natural landscapes.
4. impressionism.

43. The best American painting before the Civil War increasingly turned to
3. natural landscapes.
See pages 338–339.

44. America’s first internationally recognized writers, Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, were greatly stimulated in their work by
1. the upsurge of American nationalism following the War of 1812.
2. the religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening.
3. the spirit of social reform, especially the antislavery movement.
4. their criticism of what they saw as Americans’ naïve innocence and idealism.

45. America’s first internationally recognized writers, Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, were greatly stimulated in their work by
1. the upsurge of American nationalism following the War of 1812.
See page 340.

46. The greatest difficulty that Horace Mann and other reformers faced in creating universal, free public education was
1. the widespread belief that education should be privately supported.
2. hostility from religious groups who feared secular education.
3. adequate funding.
4. the image of elementary education as a women’s field.

47. The greatest difficulty that Horace Mann and other reformers faced in creating universal, free public education was
3. adequate funding.
See pages 324–325.

48. The first American college to admit both women and blacks was
1. Harvard.
2. the University of North Carolina.
3. Oberlin College.
4. Mount Holyoke College.

49. The first American college to admit both women and blacks was
3. Oberlin College.
See page 327.

50. The energetic pre–Civil War religious reformers attacked all of the following social evils except
1. excessive drinking of liquor.
2. slavery.
3. cruel treatment of the mentally ill.
4. the harsh conditions of industrial laborers.

51. The energetic pre–Civil War religious reformers attacked all of the following social evils except
4. the harsh conditions of industrial laborers.
See pages 328–329.

52. The most daring demand put forward by the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was
1. women’s right to vote.
2. an immediate end to slavery.
3. complete access of all occupations to women at the same rate of pay as men.
4. coeducation in all public colleges and universities.

53. The most daring demand put forward by the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was
1. women’s right to vote.
See pages 331–332.

54. Which of the following was not among the prominent utopian communal experiments launched in early nineteenth-century America?
1. Brook Farm
2. Blithesdale
3. New Harmony
4. Oneida

55. Which of the following was not among the prominent utopian communal experiments launched in early nineteenth-century America?
2. Blithesdale
See pages 332–334.