2. World War II Dubbs World June 5, 2015 (Tomorrow is D-Day!)

3. The Second World War Allies vs. Axis Powers Allies vs. Axis Powers Italy, Germany and Japan form Axis Powers Italy, Germany and Japan form Axis Powers “Revisionists:” wished to revise post- World War I peace treaties“Revisionists:” wished to revise post- World War I peace treaties Allies initially follow policy of appeasement Allies initially follow policy of appeasement War erupts 1937 in China, 1939 in Europe, global by 1941, over 1945 War erupts 1937 in China, 1939 in Europe, global by 1941, over 1945

4. Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939 The “Pact of Steel”

5. Japan’s War in China Conquest of Chinese Manchuria (NE China) 1931- 1932 Conquest of Chinese Manchuria (NE China) 1931- 1932 League Of Nations fails to act accordingly League Of Nations fails to act accordingly Full-scale invasion in 1937 Full-scale invasion in 1937 The Rape of Nanjing The Rape of Nanjing Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940) Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940) Non-Aggression Pact with USSR (1941) Non-Aggression Pact with USSR (1941)

6. Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

7. The Japanese Invasion of China, 1937

8. Italian Aggression Benito Mussolini invades Ethiopia with overpowering force Benito Mussolini invades Ethiopia with overpowering force 2,000 Italian troops killed, 275,000 Ethiopians killed2,000 Italian troops killed, 275,000 Ethiopians killed LON fails to act accordinglyLON fails to act accordingly Also takes Libya, Albania Also takes Libya, Albania

9. Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935 Emperor Haile Selassie

10. Germany Adolf Hitler withdraws from League of Nations Adolf Hitler withdraws from League of Nations Remilitarizes Germany (violation of Treaty of Versailles) Remilitarizes Germany (violation of Treaty of Versailles) Anschluss (“Union”) with Austria, 1938 Anschluss (“Union”) with Austria, 1938 German troops enter in March of ‘38German troops enter in March of ‘38 Germans and Austrians hold “democratic” vote (April) to unite culturallyGermans and Austrians hold “democratic” vote (April) to unite culturally Austria foreign policy directly controlled by Nazi GermanyAustria foreign policy directly controlled by Nazi Germany

11. Munich Conference (1938) Germany wanted to add the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) to its territory Germany wanted to add the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) to its territory Allies follow policy of appeasement Allies follow policy of appeasement Hitler promises to halt expansionist efforts Hitler promises to halt expansionist efforts British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) promises “peace for our time” British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) promises “peace for our time” Hitler signs secret Russian-German Treaty of Non-Aggression (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, August 1939) Hitler signs secret Russian-German Treaty of Non-Aggression (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, August 1939) Both nations plan to secretly divide PolandBoth nations plan to secretly divide Poland

12. Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

13. Invasion of Poland and France September 1, 1939 September 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” strategy Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” strategy Air forces soften up target, armored divisions rush inAir forces soften up target, armored divisions rush in German U-boats (submarines) patrol Atlantic, threaten British shipping German U-boats (submarines) patrol Atlantic, threaten British shipping

14. Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg [“Lightning War”]

15. German Troops March into Warsaw

16. The Fall of France (per 3) 1940: Germany occupies Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France 1940: Germany occupies Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France Hitler forces French to sign armistice agreement in same railroad car used for the armistice imposed on Germany in 1918 Hitler forces French to sign armistice agreement in same railroad car used for the armistice imposed on Germany in 1918

17. The Battle of Britain Air war conducted by the German Luftwaffe (airforce) Air war conducted by the German Luftwaffe (airforce) “The Blitz” “The Blitz” 40,000 British civilians killed in urban bombing raids 40,000 British civilians killed in urban bombing raids Especially LondonEspecially London Royal Air Force and the invention of radar prevents a German take over Royal Air Force and the invention of radar prevents a German take over

18. Battle of Britain: The “Blitz”

20. The London “Tube”: Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz

21. The Royal Air Force

22. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

23. Operation Barbarossa Lebensraum (“living space”) Lebensraum (“living space”) June 22, 1941 Hitler double-crosses Stalin and invades USSR June 22, 1941 Hitler double-crosses Stalin and invades USSR Stalin caught off-guard, rapid advance Stalin caught off-guard, rapid advance But severe winter, long supply lines weakened German efforts But severe winter, long supply lines weakened German efforts Soviets regroup and attack Spring 1942 Soviets regroup and attack Spring 1942 Turning point: Battle of Stalingrad (ends February 1943) Turning point: Battle of Stalingrad (ends February 1943)

24. Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

25. US Involvement in WWII before Pearl Harbor US initiates “cash and carry” policy to supply Allies with arms US initiates “cash and carry” policy to supply Allies with arms “lend-lease” program: US lends war goods to Allies, leases naval bases in return “lend-lease” program: US lends war goods to Allies, leases naval bases in return US freezes Japanese assets in US US freezes Japanese assets in US US places embargo on oil shipments to Japan US places embargo on oil shipments to Japan Japanese Defense Minister Tojo Hideki (1884-1948) plans for war with US Japanese Defense Minister Tojo Hideki (1884-1948) plans for war with US

26. Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) FDR: “A date which will live in infamy” FDR: “A date which will live in infamy” Destroys most of the Pacific Fleet (U.S. Aircraft Carriers unharmed) Destroys most of the Pacific Fleet (U.S. Aircraft Carriers unharmed) Hitler, Mussolini declare war on the US on December 11 Hitler, Mussolini declare war on the US on December 11 US joins Great Britain and the USSR US joins Great Britain and the USSR

27. Pearl Harbor

28. Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot

29. Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy!

30. President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War

31. USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

32. Pearl Harbor Memorial 2,887 Americans Dead!

33. Japanese Victories Japan dominates south-east Asia, Pacific islands Japan dominates south-east Asia, Pacific islands Establishes “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” Establishes “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

34. Defeat of the Axis Powers Key factors: US personnel reserves & ****industrial capacity Key factors: US personnel reserves & ****industrial capacity US out produces all of the Axis Powers combined US out produces all of the Axis Powers combined US joining the war turned the tide US joining the war turned the tide Shipbuilding, automotive production especially importantShipbuilding, automotive production especially important

35. Allied Victory in Europe Red Army (USSR) gains offensive after Stalingrad (February 1943) Red Army (USSR) gains offensive after Stalingrad (February 1943) British, US forces attack in North Africa, Italy British, US forces attack in North Africa, Italy D-Day: June 6, 1944, British and US forces land in France D-Day: June 6, 1944, British and US forces land in France US, Britain bomb German cities US, Britain bomb German cities Ex- Dresden (firebombed), February 1945: 135,000 Germans killed in sheltersEx- Dresden (firebombed), February 1945: 135,000 Germans killed in shelters 30 April 1945 Hitler commits suicide, May 8 th Germany surrenders 30 April 1945 Hitler commits suicide, May 8 th Germany surrenders

36. Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”]

37. D-Day (June 6, 1944)

38. Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944 ) Higgins Landing Crafts German Prisoners

39. Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945 The F ü hrer’s Bunker Cyanide & Pistols Mr. & Mrs. Hitler

40. V-E Day (May 8, 1945) General Keitel

41. V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

42. Turning the Tide in the Pacific US code breaking operation: Magic, discovers Japanese plans US code breaking operation: Magic, discovers Japanese plans Battle of Midway (4 June 1942)Battle of Midway (4 June 1942) US takes the offensive, engages in island- hopping strategy US takes the offensive, engages in island- hopping strategy Skipping over heavily fortified islands and taking over “softer” targetsSkipping over heavily fortified islands and taking over “softer” targets Iwo Jima and Okinawa Iwo Jima and Okinawa Japanese kamikaze suicide bombersJapanese kamikaze suicide bombers Savage two-month battle for OkinawaSavage two-month battle for Okinawa

43. Allied Counter-Offensive: “Island-Hopping”

44. Japanese Surrender US firebombs Tokyo, March 1945 US firebombs Tokyo, March 1945 100,000 killed100,000 killed 25% of buildings destroyed25% of buildings destroyed Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 1945 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 1945 Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989) surrenders unconditionally September 2, 1945 Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989) surrenders unconditionally September 2, 1945

45. Justification For the Use of the Bomb To save lives (estimates of taking the Japanese homeland by conventional methods ran as high as 1 million men) To save lives (estimates of taking the Japanese homeland by conventional methods ran as high as 1 million men) Intimidate the Soviet Union and the rest of the world Intimidate the Soviet Union and the rest of the world $ 2 billion were spent/ 4 years spent $ 2 billion were spent/ 4 years spent (Perhaps) Revenge (Perhaps) Revenge

47. Nagasaki before the attack on 8/9/1945 AFTER

48. Atomic Shadows

49. Nazi Genocide and the Jews per 3 Jews primary target of Nazi genocidal efforts Jews primary target of Nazi genocidal efforts Other groups also slated for destruction: Roma (Gypsies), Homosexuals, Jehovah’s WitnessesOther groups also slated for destruction: Roma (Gypsies), Homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) follow German army into USSR with Operation Barbarossa Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) follow German army into USSR with Operation Barbarossa Round up of Jews and others, machine-gun executions of 1.4 million Round up of Jews and others, machine-gun executions of 1.4 million 1941 the “Final Solution” put into effect: 1941 the “Final Solution” put into effect: deportation of all European Jews to Death Camps-deportation of all European Jews to Death Camps-

50. The Holocaust Jews deported from ghettos all over Europe in cattle cars, spring 1942 Jews deported from ghettos all over Europe in cattle cars, spring 1942 Technologically advanced, assembly- line style of murder through poison gas (Zyklon B) Technologically advanced, assembly- line style of murder through poison gas (Zyklon B) Estimated number of Jews killed: 5.7 million Estimated number of Jews killed: 5.7 million

51. Women’s Roles Women occupy jobs of men away at war Women occupy jobs of men away at war Also take on “head of household” duties Also take on “head of household” duties Temporary: men returning from war displace women Temporary: men returning from war displace women Yet lasting impact on women’s movementYet lasting impact on women’s movement

52. 51 Deaths During World War II (millions)

53. The United Nations 1941- Atlantic Charter FDR & Churchill called for the creation of a new world organization 1941- Atlantic Charter FDR & Churchill called for the creation of a new world organization April –May 1945 delegates from 50 nations created the UN Charter April –May 1945 delegates from 50 nations created the UN Charter Goals of the U.N. Goals of the U.N. -protected the rights of all people -improve people’s lives around the world -peaceful resolutions to international problems -peaceful resolutions to international problems

54. Origins of the Cold War US, USSR, Great Britain unnatural allies during World War II US, USSR, Great Britain unnatural allies during World War II Tensions submerged until close of warTensions submerged until close of war Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945) Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945) Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt/TrumanStalin, Churchill, Roosevelt/Truman Decided on USSR declaration of war vs. Japan, setting up of International Military TribunalDecided on USSR declaration of war vs. Japan, setting up of International Military Tribunal Free elections for Eastern EuropeFree elections for Eastern Europe Stalin arranges pro-communist governments in Eastern European countries Stalin arranges pro-communist governments in Eastern European countries 1946: “Iron Curtain” descends 1946: “Iron Curtain” descends

55. The Truman Doctrine (1947) World divided into free and enslaved states World divided into free and enslaved states US to support all movements for democracy US to support all movements for democracy “containment” of Communism “containment” of Communism Provides aid to Turkey and Greece Provides aid to Turkey and Greece North Atlantic Treaty Organization created to stop spread of Soviet Union and communism - Warsaw Pact (USSR & its allies) in response to NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization created to stop spread of Soviet Union and communism - Warsaw Pact (USSR & its allies) in response to NATO Militarization of Cold WarMilitarization of Cold War

56. NATO & the Warsaw Pact Collective Security agreement- An attack on one member nation meant an attack on all. Collective Security agreement- An attack on one member nation meant an attack on all. NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization created to stop spread of Soviet Union and communism NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization created to stop spread of Soviet Union and communism -Warsaw Pact (USSR & its allies) in response to NATO -Warsaw Pact (USSR & its allies) in response to NATO Both are examples of the Militarization of the Cold WarBoth are examples of the Militarization of the Cold War

57. The Marshall Plan George C. Marshall George C. Marshall Proposed in 1947, $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe (contains Communism) Proposed in 1947, $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe (contains Communism) USSR establishes Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949 USSR establishes Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949