1. Communicable/ NonCommunicable Diseases
Lesson 1

2. Disease: a condition that interferes with the proper functioning of the body and mind
Communicable Disease: disease that can be spread to a person from another person, an animal or an object
Pathogens: germs that causes disease
Germs: organisms that are so small they can only be seen through a microscope
When germs enter your body, you can develop an infection
Germs and Diseases

3. Viruses: the smallest and simplest pathogens
Colds and Flu
Cannot be cured with antibiotics
Bacteria: simple one- celled organisms
Some bacteria are helpful, it can be found in the digestive tract.
Can be treated with antibiotics
Fungi: organisms that are more complex than bacteria but cannot make their own food
Molds, yeast and mushrooms
Thrive in warm, moist environments
Causes athlete’s foot
Protozoa: one-celled organisms that are more complex than bacteria
Mostly harmless but can cause serious illness
Types of Pathogens

4. How Pathogens Spread Direct Contact Indirect Contact
Most common way pathogens are spread is by touching another person.
Contact with infected blood
Dirty needles used for tattooing or piercing
Sexual contact
Indirect Contact
If someone sneezes or coughs, pathogens are in the air.
Spread by sharing drinking glasses or utensils
Contact with animals or insects
Vector: organism, such as an insect, that transmits pathogens
Ticks can spread Lyme Disease
Mosquitoes can spread malaria or West Nile Virus
Contaminated Food and Water
If food is undercooked or improperly stored
Foodborne Illness (food poisoning)
Wash all fruits and vegetables before eating
How Pathogens Spread

5. Stopping the Spread of Pathogens
Hygiene: cleanliness
Protecting Yourself
Stay away from people who are sick
Contagious: able to spread to others by direct or indirect contact
Wash your hands
Do not share hygiene items
Keep your hands and fingers away from your mouth, nose and eyes
Don’t bit your fingernails
Handle and prepare food safely
Wash vegetables and fruits before eating
Wash counters thoroughly with paper towels or a clean sponge or cloth
Keep your environment clean
Eat a balanced diet
Bathe and shower regularly
Avoid tobacco products, alcohol and other drugs
Get 8-9 hours of sleep
Rest when you are sick
Check with parents or guardians to make sure your immunizations are up to date
Learn healthy ways to manage your stress
Get regular physical checkups
Stopping the Spread of Pathogens

6. Protecting Others Stay home if you are sick
Cover your mouth with a tissue when you sneeze or cough
Take medication correctly

7. Noncommunicable Diseases
Noncommunicable diseases: a disease that cannot be spread from one person to another
Chronic disease: diseases that are present continuously or off and on over a long time
Asthma
Degenerative diseases: causes a further breakdown in body cells, tissues, and organs as they progress
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Noncommunicable Diseases

8. What causes Noncommunicable Diseases?
Diseases present at birth
Congenital disorders: all disorders that are present when a baby is born
Physical or mental disabilities
Birth defects or genetic disorders
Heredity: the passing of traits from parents to their biological children
Congenital heart disease
Some birth defects are caused by a mother’s choice
Drinking alcohol while pregnant can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Heart defects, poor coordination, problems with speech, thinking or social skills
What causes Noncommunicable Diseases?

9. Lifestyle Choices and Diseases
Certain risk facts increase a person’s chance of developing a disease.
Heredity, age, gender, and ethnic groups are factors people have no control over.
Lack of physical activity, being overweight or eating unhealthy foods can lead to heart disease
Smoking tobacco can cause lung cancer
To decrease your risk of disease:
Eat healthful foods
Stay physically active
Maintain a healthy weight
Get enough sleep
Manage stress
Avoid tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs

10. Environmental Factors and Disease
Environmental affects your health.
Air pollution can cause asthma, emphysema, bronchitis and even lung cancer.
Smog is a yellow-brown haze that forms when sunlight reacts with air pollution.
Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas and is another harmful environmental substance.
Fumes from car exhaust and some furnaces
High levels of carbon monoxide gas can cause serious illness or even death.
Exposure to tobacco smoke can increase risk of asthma attacks, respiratory infections, ear infections, heart disease and lung cancer.

11. Communicable/Noncommunicable Diseases
Lesson 2

12. Keeping Pathogens Out Pathogens are everywhere. 5 major barriers
Skin is the largest organ, protects the inner organs
Tears and saliva contain chemicals that kill certain germs
Mucous membranes protect the inside of your mouth, throat, nose and eyes.
It is coated with sticky fluid that destroys germs.
Stomach acid kills germs that make it past the saliva and mucous membrane
Infections: the result of pathogens or germs invading the body, multiplying and harming some of your body’s cells
Can trigger a fever, which increases the body temperature to make it difficult for pathogens to live
Keeping Pathogens Out

13. Nonspecific Immune Response
Immune System: a combination of body defenses made up of the cells, tissues and organs that fight pathogens in the body
Inflammation: the body’s response to injury or disease, resulting in a condition of swelling, pain, heat and redness
When pathogens enter the body, your brain tells your blood cells to rush to the area.
White blood cells destroy the pathogens.
If the pathogen multiplies, your body temperature may rise (fever).
More white blood cells will be produce to attack and destroy the pathogen.
This is called nonspecific because it response the same way not matter what the pathogen.
Nonspecific Immune Response

14. Specific Immune Response
Specific response attacks pathogens individually.
If this pathogen has been in your body before the body remembers how to attack it.
Lymphatic system: secondary circulatory system that helps the body fight pathogens and maintain its fluid balance.
Lymphocytes: special white blood cells in the blood and lymphatic system
B cells and T cells work together to defeat invading pathogens
T cells identify the invading pathogen
B cells kill the invading pathogen
Macrophages destroy foreign substances in the body and remove it from the lymph
Antigens: substances that send the immune system into action
Antibodies: specific proteins that attach to antigens, keeping them from harming the body
Specific Immune Response

15. The ability to resist the pathogens that cause a particular disease
Immunity developed by:
Mother’s milk (breastfeeding)
Memory cells (when you get sick)
Vaccines: a preparation of dead or weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body to cause an immune response
Immunity

16. Communicable/Noncommunicable Diseases
Lesson 3

17. The Common Cold Most common communicable disease Cold symptoms
Runny nose, headache, sore throat, coughing, sneezing and mild fever
There are hundreds of different viruses that cause the common cold.
During the first 24 hours your cold is contagious.
Could use over-the-counter medicines to help relieve your cold symptoms.
The Common Cold

18. Influenza: highly communicable viral disease characterized by fever, chills, fatigue, headache, muscle aches and respiratory symptoms
Resting and drinking lots of fluids can help you recover faster
Scientists meet every year to determine which strain of the flu will spread faster during the next flu season.
Then they develop a flu vaccine.
The Flu

19. Other Communicable Diseases
Contagious period: the length of time that a particular disease can be spread from person to person
Chicken pox
Contagious for 1 week before symptoms appear.
Symptoms: itchy, bumpy rash, fever, and aching muscles
Itchy bumps will blister and then dry up
When they are dry, the disease is not longer contagious.
A vaccine has decreased its occurrence.
Measles
Symptoms: rash, fever, and head and body aches
Contagious a few days before symptoms appear
Contagious about 5 days after the symptoms appear
Vaccine is available
Other Communicable Diseases

20. Mumps Mononucleosis Hepatitis
Symptoms: fever, headache, swollen salivary glands
Contagious a week before symptoms appear and for 9 days after
Vaccine is available
Mononucleosis
A viral disease characterized by a severe sore throat and swelling of the lymph glands in the neck and around the throat
Common among teens and young adults, known as “kissing disease”
Can also be spread by sharing contaminated drinking glasses and eating utensils
Fatigue, loss of appetite, fever, and headache
Rest is the best treatment
Hepatitis
Viral disease characterized by an inflammation of the liver and yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes
Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, fever, headaches and sore throat
Hepatitis A, B, and C are 3 different virus types.
Hepatitis B: a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus that affects the liver
Usually spread through contact with infected blood or other body fluids
Vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B
Medications can help treat hepatitis C

21. Tuberculosis Pneumonia Strep Throat
A bacterial disease that usually affects the lungs
Symptoms: cough, fatigue, night sweats, fever, and weight loss
Tuberculosis can be treated with medications
Pneumonia
A serious inflammation of the lungs
Symptoms: fever, cough, chills and nausea
Can cause vomiting, chest pains and difficulty breathing
Can be treated with antibiotics
Strep Throat
A sore throat caused by streptococcal bacteria
Can be treated by antibiotics
Symptoms: red and painful throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, headache, nausea and vomiting
If left untreated could cause serious illness

22. Communicable/Noncommuicable Diseases
Lesson 4

23. What are sexually transmitted diseases?
Infections that are spread from person to person through sexual contact
STDs are also called sexually transmitted infections
CDC estimates that there are 19 million new sexually transmitted infections each year.
CDC estimates that young people make up about one-fourth of the sexually active population in the United States
But those same young people make up half of the new STDs reported each year.
Bacteria STDs can be treated; Viral STDS cannot be treated
STDS are very preventable
Avoiding high risk activities like sexual activity or sharing drug needles
What are sexually transmitted diseases?

24. Chlamydia: a bacterial STD that may affect the reproductive organs, urethra and anus
Can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth
“Silent” disease—most infected people don’t show any symptoms
Symptoms: genital discharge and pain when urinating
Symptoms occur about 1-3 weeks after sexual contact with an infected person
Untreated can cause infections in the body and infertility
Pelvic inflammatory disease can develop from untreated Chlamydia
Painful infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries
Untreated PID can cause permanent damage to these structures
Chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics
Genital Herpes
A viral STD that produces painful blisters on the genital area
Transmitted by skin-to-skin contact
Symptoms: painful sores and blisters; pain and burning in the lower genital region and genital discharge
Even when blisters are not present, the disease can be passed on
Medication can reduce the frequency of outbreaks
Common STDs

25. Common STDs Genital Warts
Growths or bumps in the genital area caused by certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV)
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection
About 6 million people become infected each year
More than 40 types of HPV
HPV can be passed through genital contact, sexual intercourse does not have to occur for this virus to be transmitted
HPV is a “silent” disease.
In 90% of cases, the immune system clears the body of the virus in about 2 years.
In some cases, the body cannot clear the infection; then genital warts may appear.
Warts may appear as a small bump or several bumps.
The warts can be treated but there is no cure for HPV infection.
Cervical cancer and cancers of other reproductive organs can also be caused by HPV.
A vaccine has been developed for females years old and males 9-26 to prevent HPV.
Common STDs

26. Common STDs Trichomoniasis Public Lice
An STD caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis
Very common and the most common curable STD
Silent disease
Symptoms: vaginal discharge and discomfort during urination, irritation or itching in the genital area
Can be treated with antibiotics
Public Lice
Crabs, insects that infect a person’s genital area
Symptoms: itching around genital and crawling insects visible to the naked eye
Highly contagious
Treated with medicated shampoo or prescription lotion
Common STDs

27. Common STDs Gonorrhea Syphilis
Bacterial STD that affects the mucous membranes of the body, particularly in the genital area
Symptoms: yellowish discharge from genitals, burning sensation during urination
If not treated, gonorrhea can spread to other parts of the body, such as joints and heart.
Treated and cured with antibiotics
Syphilis
Bacterial STD that can affect many parts of the body
Symptoms:
First stage—painless sores appear at the place of infection
Second stage—sever body rash, fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, patchy hair loss, muscle aches and fatigue
Later stages—damage the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood, vessels, liver, bones and joints
Can be treated and cured with antibiotics if diagnosed early
Common STDs

28. Only 100% effective way to prevent STDs is to abstain from sexual activity
Abstain: (Abstinence) the conscious, active choice not to participate in high risk behavior, not participating in any form of sexual activity
Avoid being alone on a date
Avoid pressures of sexual activity
Communicate limits to your date before you go out
Preventing STDs

29. HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, the virus that causes AIDS
Attacks lymphocytes called T cells
As more T cells are taken over, the immune system weakens.
Drug therapy can help delay the onset of AIDS.
Scientist are working on medical treatment for HIV and AIDS
AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, disease that interferes with the body’s ability to fight infection
Continues to weaken the immune system
Opportunistic infection: disease that attacks a person with a weakened immune system and rarely occurs in a healthy person
What are HIV and AIDS?

30. How HIV spreads? How HIV is NOT spread
Having any form of sexual contact with an infected person
Using a contaminated needle
Pregnant female with HIV to her developing baby
How HIV is NOT spread
Being bitten by a mosquito
Touching the tears or sweat of an infected person
Shaking hands with or hugging someone with HIV
Swimming with an infected person
Sharing utensils with an infected person
Donating blood
Using the same shower or toilet as an infected person
Sharing sports equipment with an infected person

31. Fighting AIDS 34 million people world-wide were infected with HIV
Same year 1.8 million people died from AIDS
According to the CDC, 12 million people in the United States are infected with HIV.
13-29 years old account for 39% of the new HIV infections in recent years.
CDC believes 20% of the people with HIV don’t know they have it.
Detecting HIV
Carrier: a person who appears healthy but is infected with HIV and can pass it to others
A blood test is the only way to know if you are positive for HIV.
Treating HIV and AIDS
There is no cure for HIV/AIDS.
Scientists are improving medical treatments for people with HIV/AIDS.
Medications are very expensive and have serious side effects.
Stopping the Spread of HIV
Practice abstinence
Avoid sexual activity
Avoid drugs and alcohol
Avoid sharing needles
Fighting AIDS

32. Communicable/Noncommunicable Diseases
Lesson 5

33. Cancer: a disease that occurs when abnormal cells multiply out of control.
Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in the United States.
How does cancer develop?
The human body has over 100 trillion cells.
Some cells become abnormal and begin to divide.
Abnormal cells grow in a clump called a tumor
Tumor: a group of abnormal cells that forms a mass
Tumors are either benign or malignant.
Benign: not cancerous
Malignant: cancerous
Malignant tumors can multiply out of control and spread to other parts of the body.
What is Cancer?

34. Types of Cancer Skin cancer—the most common kind of cancer
Breast cancer—most often occurs in females over 50
Reproductive organ cancer—can occur in testicles and prostate glands in males and ovaries, cervix and uterus in females
Lung cancer—leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, smoking is the biggest risk factor
Colon and rectal cancer—develop in the digestive tract
Leukemia—cancer of the white blood cells
Lymphoma—cancer that starts in the lymphatic system
Types of Cancer

35. Causes and Risk Factors
Risk factors: characteristics or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing a medical disorder or disease
Inherited traits, age, lifestyle choices and environmental factors
Carcinogens: a substance that can cause cancer
Tobacco products, ultraviolet light, etc.
Causes and Risk Factors

36. Diagnosing Cancer Signs and Symptoms Skin cancer signs and symptoms
Talk to a health care professional
Biopsy: the removal of a tissue sample from a person for examination
Early detection will increase the chance of a successful treatment
Signs and Symptoms
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding
Thickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Skin cancer signs and symptoms
Asymmetry
Border Irregularity
Color
Diameter
Diagnosing Cancer

37. Treating Cancer Surgery—removing cancer cells from the body
Treatment for breast, lung and colon
Surgery is most effective when cancer is isolated in one part of the body
Radiation therapy—a treatment that uses X-rays or forms of radiation to kill cancer cells
It can kills cells that may remain after surgery
Chemotherapy—the use of powerful medicines to destroy cancer cells
Side effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy:
Nausea, fatigue and temporary hair loss
Remission: a period during which cancer signs and symptoms disappear
Recurrence: the return of cancer after a remission
Treating Cancer

38. Reducing the Risk of Cancer
Avoid tobacco and alcohol
Eat well and exercise
Limit sun exposure
Perform self-examinations
Know the warning signs
Reducing the Risk of Cancer