1. Islamic Countries South West Asia and North Africa
Ch and 21

2. Map Countries Countries United Arab Emigrates- Abu Dhabi Qatar- Doha
Iraq- Baghdad
Iran- Tehran
Afghanistan- Kabul
Kuwait- Kuwait City
Saudi Arabia- Riyadh
Oman- Muscat
Yemen- Sanaa
Egypt- Cairo
Tunisia – Tunis
Libya- Tripoli
Algeria- Algiers
Morocco- Rabat
United Arab Emigrates- Abu Dhabi
Qatar- Doha
Bahrain- Manawa
Turkey- Ankara
Cyprus- Nicosia
Syria- Damascus
Lebanon- Beirut
Jordan- Amman
Israel- Jerusalem r

3. Map Landforms Water Sahara Desert Arabian Peninsula Sinai Peninsula
Zagros Mtns
Hindu Kush
Anatolia
Atlas Mtns
An Nafud
Rub Al Khali
Euphrates River
Tigris River
Nile- White and Blue
Jordan River
Persian Gulf
Gulf of Aden
Arabian Sea
Red Sea
Dead Sea
Suez Canal
Bosporus Strait
Strait of Dardanelles
Strait of Hormuz

4. Cities
Others
Alexandria
Bethlehem
Mecca
Medina
Giza
Istanbul
Tel Aviv
Casablanca
Constantine
West Bank
Gaza Strip
Golan Heights

7. History 1st civilization developed in the fertile crescent
Between Tigris and Euphrates River = Mesopotamia (Iraq)
3500 BC – 600 BC Great Civilizations
Sumerians- developed writing
Hittites- developed iron weapons
Phoenicians- first major traders and explorers

8. History 600 BC- 1300 AD – many empires ruled
1300 – 1914 Ottoman Empire ruled area – Osman Leader
1973- Arab- Israeli war
1992- Persian Gulf War- NATO (US) vs Iraq over Kuwait
2001 – Afghanistan
2003- US invades Iraq get rid of Saddam Why?

9. Middle East Desert covers most of the region
Mtns receive most of the rain
Agriculture is the major occupation in SW Asia
- Barley, wheat, little life stock
- Fruits, olives, figs, nuts and grapes on the Mediterranean Coast
- Irrigation first developed in SW Asia
(Deep Wells)
Israel only country considered to be developed

10. Oil Richest mineral resource in the region
Mainly on the shores of the Persian Gulf and Iraq
Economies rise and fall with oil prices
OPEC- Origin of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Try to control oil prices around the world
Include Iraq, Algeria, Iran , Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, Gabon, Indonesia, Nigeria, Venezuela

11. Religion 3 major religions started in SW Asia Judaism
Judaism, Christianity, Islam
Judaism
First monotheist (one god) religion
Formed in Palestine region
Descendants of Abraham ‘s son Isaac
Torah – Old Testament of the bible
Jesus was just a false prophet not the savior

12. Religions Christianity Islam Spread during Roman era ( Paul and Simon)
Founded on the teachings of Jesus
Spilt into Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christianity around 1000 BC
Protestants- broke away from Roman Catholics 1500’s
Christianity became the dominant religion of Western Hemisphere
Founded by Muhammad ( )
Followers of Islam called Muslims
Quran is the Sacred Book
Followers of Abraham’s God through Ishmael
One god called Allah ( Same God )
Split into Shiites (10-15 %) and Sunnis (85-90 %)

13. Culture and conflict Arabs dominate the region- mostly Islamic
Israel founded Mostly Jewish
Arab- Israel in constant conflict- Palestine
- both seek peace
Christians in Lebanon- Conflict
Others- Kurds in Northern Iraq

14. Issues Conflict is constant- Terrorist groups Rising population
Conflicts over water rights
Oil reserves have become major world interest
Women have little rights in Middle East

15. Iraq North Iraq-Kurds-want independence Capital : Baghdad
Irrigation major task- land too salty due to over use
Grow ¾ of worlds dates
Major oil fields, but little jobs-mechanized
Capital : Baghdad
G.D.P.- $2400
Lit. Rate 40%
First civilization developed in fertile crescent in Iraq
3 landforms-plains, dessert, mtn.
1/3 of people in agriculture
Baghdad-ancient city of Islamic culture

16. Iraq Very aggressive and war like people 1980 invaded Iran (10 years)
Invaded Kuwait in 1990-lost big time!!!
Persian Gulf War Saddam Hussein
Now- still fighting- vs. U.S. troops in nd Persian Gulf War
U.S and Iraq govt. vs. Taliban and terrorist
US has pulled out all major operation and handed control back to Iraq Government

17. Iran Capital Tehran GDP- $7000 Lit. Rate- 79%
Formally known as Persia until1935- one of largest empire in world history
Persian rugs-prized for centuries
Zagros; Elburz and Kopet mtns
Steppe and desert climate
1/3 of people farmers
Largest producer of Pistachios
1951 nationalized oil industry-provide jobs

18. Iran
Speak Farsi
Marketplace and mosque (church)-characteristics of Iranian city
Stormy politics- not many allies- recent trouble
Threatens to close strait of Hormuz
Trying to get nuclear weapons
Struggling with redirection of country

19. Afghanistan Capital Kabul GDP- $700 Lit. Rate- 36%
Landlocked, dry, mountainous – not good landscape
One of worlds least developed countries
Pashtun- largest ethnic group
Religions- Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1%
Women lower life expectancy in Afghanistan- no rights in the 90’s
Mtns. possible minerals?? Can’t check because they lack money
Natural gas provides some money
Leading exporter of Opium in the world

20. Afghanistan 1980’s and early 90’s civil war USSR was involved
Taliban- Sunni Muslims- strict laws 1990’s
U.K. and U.N. forces in 2002
US still fighting in Afghanistan

21. Kuwait cap. Kuwait City GDP- $15000 Lit. Rate-84%
Small oil rich country
Wealthy Kuwait families ruled the country for years
One of the highest per capita in the world
U.S. good relationship with Kuwait- helped kick out Iraq in early 1990’s

22. Saudi Arabia Capital- Riyadh GDP- 10,500 Lit. Rate- 79%
On Arabian Peninsula- desert, desert, desert!!!
People live near water and oil.
Mecca- Islam’s most important city, also Medina
Now put Taxes on pilgrims visiting Mecca- tourism?
Oil along Persian gulf – ¼ of remaining oil.
Most desalinized seawater plants in the world

23. Saudi Arabia Cold nights 30 degrees, 114 degrees days.
Deserts-An Nafud & Rub Al Khali,
Rub Al Khali- aka- Empty Quarter- 4” of rain/year- Active sand dunes
red soil
Can influence oil prices worldwide! How?
Theocracy Govt.- Islamic law – U.S. allies
Aid poor countries by them

24. Oman Capital – Muscat GDP-$8,300 Lit. Rate- 78%
Formerly Muscat and Oman
Ruled by sultanate – Muslim monarch – Sultan
Long been isolated from world
Oil improving living conditions

25. Yemen capital – Sanaa GDP- $840 Lit. Rate-38%
Until countries – North Yemen and South Yemen
One of the worlds largest per capita, BUT 60% of people are illiterate
oil helped make Yemen financially independent
Agriculture and sheep missing
Coffee first cultivated in Yemen
In recent years trouble with terrorists groups

26. Gulf States U.A.E./ Qatar/ Bahrain
All oil rich countries and small –desert
Oil, rapid economic growth
Popular to tourist from Saudi and Kuwait

27. United Arab Emirates cap. Abu Dhabi GDP- $ 22,000 Lit. Rate-85%
Slightly smaller than Maine (seven emirates or territories)
Religions Muslim 96%
Dubai- most modern Emirate- very modern- host golf and tennis tourney

28. Qatar cap. Doha GDP- $21,500 Lit. Rate-79%
Slightly smaller than Connecticut
Religions Muslim 95%
Al Jazeera- popular and controversial Arabic satellite television network.

29. Bahrain cap. Manawa GDP- 14,000 Lit. Rate- 89%
Religions Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30%
Home to U.S. military base- close ties to U.S.
Becoming a very modern country

30. Turkey
cap. Ankara
GDP-17,000
Lit. Rate- 87%
Small part of Country in Europe, But mostly in S.W. Asia
Bosporus and Dardanelles- Straits that dived Europe and S.W. Asia
Mostly rolling plains and hills – Mts: Taurus, Pontic -earthquakes
Med. Steppe climate
Less that ½ suitable for farming
Wheat, barely, tobacco, hazelnuts, cotton, livestock
Buildings dams = progress
Some oil & mineral ores

31. Turkey Foods- shish kebab, pilaf, borek Roads + R.R. developing
Istanbul (Constantinople) largest city
Modernizing since 1920 Allies with USA
Women’s rights recognized - democratic ideas
Issues – Conflict over Cyprus with Greeks
Cooperation with new Central Asia- Slow

32. Cyprus cap- Nicosia GDP $ Greek area: $16,000- Turkish area: $5,300
Lit. Rate- 94%
Rock, mountainous island
¾ are Greek & ¼ are Turks.
Set up two republics and two govt.
Greek rep. 3 times the per capita as Turk side
Religion- Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%

33. Syria capital Damascus GDP $3500 Lit. Rate-77%
Grow citrus fruits. Cotton. Wheat, barley, livestock
Major water problem – dams helping- Some oil
Leader in opposition vs. Israel (Arab country) –
May be housing terrorists
Syria wants aid from U.S. and Europe
Bashar Al-Assad – current leader not good

34. Lebanon Capital Beirut GDP $ 5400 Lit. Rate- 86%
1/3 are Christians – Used to be called “Paris of the Middle East”
Very modern and westernized country – great trees for early explorers
Civil wars between Christians and Muslims- in the 1980’s
UN and NATO helped resolve conflict
1990’s developed stable government – rebuilding
Religion- Muslim 70% & Christian 30%

35. Jordan Capital Amman GDP $4300 Lit. Rate-68%
Independence – 1946 – conflict with Israel
Most food must be imported
Arab – Israeli conflict throughout 1900’s - Peace treaty 1994
Desert – not much oil
Only recently has there been peace in this area – mostly due to religion

36. Israel Capital – Jerusalem GDP $19,000 Lit. Rate- 95%
Once ancient land of Palestine
Dead Sea – lowest point on earth (continent)
Less than 5% of people in agriculture
Kibbutz – efficient collective farms
Sophisticated water management systems

37. Israel No coal or hydro electricity and few minerals
High tech industry – computers, weapons, engineers
Large diamond industry.
Tourism major industry- Jerusalem

38. History – Jews started kingdom 3000 years ago
Jews forced to leave- called Zionist Movement (1800’s)
Want Palestine region back- Jews
After World War II – Palestine divided – Jews and Arabs
War followed 1948 – Israeli defeats Palestinian and Arab allies – 1956,1967 and 1973 – wars
Israel won all three conflicts
1978 – (Camp David) President Carter (Sadat) Egypt and (Begin) Israel – sign peace treaty
Now – modern – urban nation – 85% Jewish
Tel Aviv – largest city
West bank and Gaza strip area still and issue – Muslim controlled

39. PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization – Muslim terrorist group
Attacked Israeli citizens, planes – but now want peace –
1993 PLO and state of Israel – peace treaty
Has a seat in UN

40. North Africa
Region dominated by Sahara Desert- Sahara means desert in Arabic
2 causes 1) High Pressure 2) No Moist Air
Characteristics- few plants , few animals and people
The Nile River- delta and Valley had very rich soil
Longest River- 4,187 Miles Long
White and Blue Nile Combine
Ancient Civilization developed along the Nile

41. Egypt Capital – Cairo Lit Rate 51 % GDP $ 2,900
Most usable land relies on the Nile River
Aswan Dam- irrigates 2 million acres and creates 10 billion KWH of electricity
Suez Canal connected the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Oceans- 100 miles long
Great Pyramids at Giza

42. Egypt
Imports more than 1/2 its food because the soil is less fertile- too salty
Cotton is main cash crop
Cairo- fastest growing city
Alexandria founded by Alexander the Great (332 BC) and has been a main trade center of Egypt
Oil is main export- no forest and little coal
Lack of Skilled Workers
“Hollywood” of Arab World
Recent Revolution – Overthrew Government Spring of Hosni Mubarak
Social Media played a huge role

43. Libya Capital Tripoli Literacy Rate- 76 % GDP $6570
Gained Independence from Italy 1951
Located on most desolated shore of Mediterranean
1959 – found oil
75% of population lives near the Mediterranean
Farming hard because of heat and wind
Oil improved development
Muammar al-Qaddafi- Overthrown in recent revolution- Spring of 2012 violent overthrow

44. Tunisia Capital – Tunis Lit Rate- 67% GDP $4800
Independence from France in 1956
Center of Mediterranean culture for thousands of years
Carthage was a major trade center- Taken over by Rome
Mediterranean Climate- has very nice beaches
Grows wheat and olives – only 20% of land farmable
Olive oil major export
Good transportation and industrial infrastructure
Ties to France still
Problems- Not enough jobs- Center of recent revolution in Spring of 2012

45. Algeria Capital – Algiers Literacy Rate 62 % GDP $4000
Independent from France in 1962
Oil and natural gas is a major export and most of income
3 Major Industrial Cities 1) Algiers 2) Oran 3) Constantine
Problems- ½ of food is imported
Twice as many graduates as jobs available

46. Morocco Capital – Rabat Literacy Rate- 44 % GDP $ 3260
Independent from France 1956
Islamic Kingdom on Mediterranean and Atlantic
Strait of Gibraltar – Europe and Africa 8 miles apart
Atlas Mtns- wettest climate in Arab Nations
Have 3/4 of the worlds phosphate which is used in fertilizer
Casablanca – Largest city also a movie
Tangier – port on Strait of Gibraltar
Standard of Living is low for most of country
Allies with the US
King descendant of Muhammad