1. Middle Eastern Studies

2. Iran a.k.a. PERSIA Shia State

3.  Arab invasion brought the end of the Sasanian dynasty and the start of Islamic rule

4.  50% Persian  25% Turkic Azeri  25% Kurds, Turkmen, Arabs, etc.  History – has been controlled by  Aryans  Greeks  Arabs  Mongols  Turkics

5.  Last dynasty – ended in the mid 1700s  1795 Russia and Great Britain wanted to divide Persia  Turkic Qajar tribe moved the capital to Tehran to save it from division  The Qajar Dynasty was established and ruled for the next 130 years

6.  1901:  Gave Great Britain a 60 year dispensation for their oil reserves  Traded customs proceeds to Russia for a large loan  1906:  Gave London concessions over Persian tobacco industry

7.  Got worried about the funds Great Britain and Russia were getting from Iran  Formed a Constitutional Government  Formed a National Assembly called the Majlis  Russia and Great Britain got ticked off so they divided Persia into two kingdoms based on economics

8.  Did not give up  Hired an American banker named Morgan Shuster to set things straight  Gave him total control of Persian finanances  Russia forced the Majlis to fire Shuster  WWI breaks out  Persia declares neutrality  Not invited to the Paris Peace Conference at the end of the war

9.  Great Britain went behind Persia’s back and wrote/submitted the Anglo-Iranian Treaty  Turned Iran into a British protectorate  Majlis got FURIOUS  Great Britain backed off  1921 Reza Khan overthrew the Qajars  Qajar Dynasty ended and Reza Khan is the new Persian Shah

10. Aryan Worked to nationalize Persia Changed the country’s name to Iran to associate it with his Aryan roots Made religion an individual, private matter By mid 1930s all citizens were encouraged to wear western clothes Built factories, roads, railways Developed European-style education system Negotiated to get British and Russian troops out of Iran Negotiated to get back the rights to the oil, tobacco, and customs rights

11.  Things were rocking along well in Iran until Reza became friends with…  Hitler  Sided with the Germans in WWII  Great Britain and Russia invaded Iran in 1941  Reza resigned and turned control of Iran over to his son, Muhammed Reza Pahlavi who sided with the allies

12.  Got in good with the Allies by hosting the Tehran Conference in 1943  FDR, Stalin, Churchill  Promised independence and financial aid to Iran after the war

13.  U.S. pressured USSR to leave Iran  Great Britain was too hard hit by the war to care about Iranian control  U.S. wanted Iran for its strategic location and oil.

14.  1951 – Majlis nationalized the oil production.  Great Britain left Iran  Oil production dropped ▪ Iranians were not educated in how to operate the wells and refineries  Mid-1950s – Iranian oil production was back in the hands of Europeans and Americans  Iran was receiving ½ the profits  U.S. firmly established Shah Pahlavi as the leader of Iran

15.  1953-67 – Iran received $600 million in U.S. aid  Eisenhower Administration (most of the money)  Kennedy Administration  Johnson Administration  JFK saw social troubles in Iran, urged Shah to fix the problem.  White Revolution ▪ Rich sold their land t the gov’t ▪ Gov’t gave the land to the poor as small farms ▪ Improved education and women’s rights

16.  Shah tried to modernize Iran  Moved too quickly and sent the people into culture shock!  He formed the Savak (secret police) to seek out and get rid of all opposition  White Revolution and U.S. involvement made the mullahs made. They began to speak out  1964 the Shah deported their main leader ▪ Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomenini ▪ Inspired a revolution!

17.  Khomeini was exiled from Iran  Fled to Iraq  Developed a doctrine known as THE RULE OF THE JURIST ▪ Secular gov’ts should be replaced by theocracies ▪ Laws would be administered by mujtahids (Islamic law experts)

18.  1978 – Saddam Hussein kicked Ayatollah Khomeini out of Iraq so he fled to France  Due to the civil unrest in Iran, Khomeini developed a plan  Video tape his sermons  Smuggle tapes into Iran  Copy and distribute the tapes  His plan worked!  Strong national movement began  Those who didn’t like him thought he’d at least be better than the Shah

19.  January 1979 – unrest in Iran is really bad!  Shah fled the country  Khomeini returned to Iran  Savak are executed  Islamic Revolution had begun!  April 1, 1979 – Islamic Constitution is adopted  Council of Guardians from  Khomeini became the faqih – expert jurist  Social changes  Mandatory dress codes  Prohibition  Capital punishment for adultery and prostitution, etc.  Partnerships with the West and non-Muslim gov’ts ended

20.  November 1979  Shah entered the US for cancer treatment  Khomeini followers stored the U.S. Embassy and took 70 hostages  Said they would exchange the hostages for the Shah  President Carter said “NO WAY!”

21.  November 1979 – December 1980  Negotiations were held  UN tried to help  Military tried and failed  Shah died

22.  Khomeini call the U.S. “the Great Satan”  U.S. thinks Iran is full of Muslim madmen!  Hostages were released in 1981 after the 1980 Presidential Election  U.S. paid Iran in cash and weapons

23.  U.S. is tied up with hostages in Iran  USSR invades Afghanistan  US issues the Carter doctrine ▪ Don’t try to control the Persian Gulf – we won’t have it

24.  Iran released the hostages and said  We’re not worried about the U.S.  We’re not worried about the USSR in Afghanistan  We’re worried about Iraq  50% of Iraqis were Shia Muslims who got very excited about the Islamic Revolution  Hussein got a little nervous  Khomeini called the Sunni Iraqis infidels

25.  Tensions mount  Iraq deports all Iranian Shias back to Iran  Iranian counterrevolutionaries move to Iraq to fight against Iran  September 21, 1980  Iraq invaded Iran  Secular Iraq vs. Religious Revivalist Iran  The West backs Iraq  Khomeini got himself elected president of Iran  War rages  Oil platforms and fields are threatened  Oil production is interrupted

26.  1988 – Iran is in ruins  The people convince the leaders to make peace with Iraq  June 4, 1989 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini died  Ayatollah Ali Khamenei took over

27.  July 1989 – Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani became Iran’s president.  He wanted to open trade with the West again because Iran’s economy needed it  Things rocked along a little on the shaky side until 1995

28.  1995 – Clinton cut all ties with Iran when rumors began to fly about nuclear weapons in Iran  1996 – U.S. led a world trade embargo against Iran for developing Weapons of Mass Destruction  Russia refused to jump on the embargo bandwagon so they helped Iran build a nuclear power plant in southern Iran

29.  1997 – Muhammed Khatami became the new president of Iran  Wanted to improve relations with the U.S.  His moderation gave Iranian citizens hope  Khamenei began to lose followers

30.  2005 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad took over as the Iranian President. Holds the office to the present  Very controversial  2009 re-election was highly protested  Believes he is the chosen one to prepare the way for the 12 th Imam to rule the world  Still calls the U.S. ‘the Great Satan’

31. Iraq Sunni State

32.  Iraq was formed from several provinces into a nation by the British after WWI  From 1921-2003 Iraq was politically controlled by people who were Arab and Sunni. This is unusual because only 20% of Iraq’s population is both Arab and Sunni.  Kurds make up 20% of Iraq’s total population, but most are located in NE Iraq.

33.  July of 1968 - The Ba’th Party took over the government  Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr and his cousin Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti led the coupe  Bakr became the leader of the new Ba’th Republic  Saddam formed Iraq’s secret police and brutally scared people into loyally following Bakr and the Ba’th Party  Fear became the glue that kept Iraq together.

34.  Late 1960s-early 1970s – Ethnic Kurds, Turkomans, Assyrian Christians, Arab Shias, conservative Sunnis and communists were  Arrested  Tortured  Deported  Executed For being disloyal to the Ba’th Party

35.  He began running the country in the late 1970s, but the aging Bakr was still the ‘leader’  July 1979, Bakr retired and transferred power to Saddam  Saddam’s first meeting with Iraq’s top leaders  He accused these people of conspiring with Syria to overthrow him  He executed most of these men himself in the next 7 days  He had approximately 450 more ‘conspirators’ killed

36.  He aligned Iraq with the USSR  He constantly harassed, tortured, and executed Shia leaders and their followers  Saddam invaded Shia led Iran in 1980

37.  The main fight was supposed to be over their shared control of the Shatt al-Arab River  This is where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers join together and flow into the Persian Gulf  Saddam and Khomeini hated each other  Saddam knew the U.S. would help because of the Iranian Hostage Crisis  Saddam wanted Iran’s province of Khuzestan because of it’s oil fields

38.  This conflict became known as the 1 st Gulf War because it spread into the Persian Gulf  1983-86 ▪ Iraq controlled the Shatt al-Arab River ▪ Iran controlled parts of northern Iraq where the Kurds joined them against Iraqi forces ▪ U.S. secretly sold weapons to Iran to get the hostages ▪ Once discovered the US openly backed Iraq

39.  1987 ▪ France and USSR and US supply Iraq ▪ US navy went to Persian Gulf to ‘protect’ oil supply  1988 ▪ War ended – both countries returned to prewar boundaries ▪ 5 days later, Saddam attacked the Kurds in Iraq ▪ and killed 5000 with deadly gasses in Halabjah ▪ 180,000 Kurds disappeared ▪ 4000 Kurdish villages were totally destroyed

40.  1990  Iraq invaded Kuwait to get their oil economy  Operation Desert Shield ▪ US moved into Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf to protect Saudi oil supplies  1991  January, US launched Operation Desert Storm ▪ Invaded Kuwait ▪ 6 weeks later, Kuwait is free from Iraqi soldiers

41.  Coalition forces (US, Great Britain, France, Italy, etc.)  Dropped leaflets into Iraq urging groups to rise up against Saddam  Kurds in the North did  Shias in the South did  Tons of Kurds were killed in this uprising ▪ US, British, and French troops moved in to establish a safe zone

42.  1992  To get even with the Shias, Saddam began to drain the marshes which provided their economic livelihood.  1994  Marshes were totally drained ▪ Iraqi soldiers marched in and killed the Shias in Southern Iraq  2001  Ten years of UN sanctions had hurt Iraq  UN began a ‘food for oil’ program

43.  2002  The UN embargo had been reduced to only military related items  2003 ▪ March – US and Great Britain launched Operation Iraqi Freedom ▪ Bombed Baghdad ▪ April – US got control of Baghdad and Tikrit ▪ May – Major fighting was over, rebuilding began ▪ July – first Governing Council met

44.  2004  Saddam was captured  2005  Saddam was executed  The Present  US troops are beginning to withdraw after establishing a ‘democratic’ style of government in Iraq.

45. Saddam Hussein After his capture Jallal Talibani Iraqi President Nuri al-Maliki Iraqi Prime Minister

46. Iraq’s Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani

47. Turkey Very westernized.

48.  San Remo Conference of 1920  Treaty of Sevres – divided Turkey  Mustafa led a revolt ▪ Treaty of Lausanne 1923 – formed modern-day Turkey  Mustafa became a political leader and began many reforms

49.  Mustafa’s reforms  Freedoms for women  Moved capital from Istanbul to Ankara  Set up a republic  Was unanimously elected president!

50.  More reforms…  Separated church and state  Had the fez outlawed  Got rid of the veil  Businessmen had to wear suits  Introduced the Christian calendar  Introduced the 24-hour day  Divorces were not easily granted  Polygamy was outlawed  Women could inherit an equal share with their brothers  Women could get an education and even educate men!!!  Muslim women could marry non-Muslim men  Freedom of religion was granted  Changed the alphabet  Changed the day of rest from Friday to Sunday  All Turks had to have a last name by 1935

51.  Mustafa chose Ataturk for his last name  Means ‘Father Turk’  1935  Hitler invaded parts of Europe  Ataturk’s health began to decline  1938 – Ataturk died  Ismet Inonu became president

52.  Believed in a strong government  Got education going in rural Turkey  Began a state ballet  Formed Opera companies  Was an excellent diplomat  Allied Turkey with Britain 7 France  Signed a non-aggression treaty with Germany  Toward the end of WWII, ended Turkish neutrality and sided with the Allies

53.  Turkish businesses profited from the war  Turkey joined the United Nations  Turkey allowed another political party to form  Only forbid Communist and religious parties  New democratic party won  Celal Bayar became the new president

54.  Bayar reinstated religious education and rebuilt Mosques  By 1958, Democrats were trying to control more and squash the opposition

55.  By 1960, General Cemal Gursel and the military overthrew the Democrats  Military became the National Unity Party

56.  Senate, with a new Constitution was set up  1961 – Military stepped down to let civilians control again  General Gursel was elected president  Justice Party formed and won votes to get the Prime Minister spot

57.  The military continued to intervene when they thought the country was straying from Ataturk’s dream for Turkey  1971  1980  1998  More, smaller parties formed  Difficult to get majority to get stuff done

58.  Kurds want independence  Civil war rages off and on

59.  1993 – Turkey got it’s first female Prime Minister, Tansu Ciller

60. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan President Abdullah Gul