1. Launching a new Republic 1789-1800
Chapter 9
Launching a new Republic

2. Washington’s New Government
Under the new Constitution, the first presidential election was held in 1789.
George Washington won the election, and traveled to New York City, the nation’s capital, to be inaugurated, or formally sworn in, as president.
April 30,1789 at the Federal Hall
John Adams of Massachusetts, became Washington’s vice-president.

3. Congressional Decisions
Cabinet Member
Responsibilities
Alexander Hamilton
Managed the nation’s money
Thomas Jefferson
Oversaw foreign relations
Henry Knox
Secretary of war
Edmund Randolph
Attorney General
No one knew if a government based on the will of the people could really work.
The writers of the constitution had left many matters to be decided by Congress. For example, the Constitution created a Supreme Court but left it to Congress to decide on details.
Federal Judiciary Act of gave the Supreme Court six members: a chief justice, or judge and five associate justices. Overtime that number has grown to nine.
John Jay- First chief Justice

4. The Nation’s Finances War Debts Hamilton’s Proposal
During the Revolution, the United States had borrowed millions of dollars from France, Spain, and the Netherlands.
By 1789 the national debt-foreign and domestic-totaled more than $52 million.
Hamilton’s Proposal
Paying off all war debts
Raising government revenues
Create a national bank

5. Hamilton vs. Jefferson
Tariffs- which are taxes on imported goods. Tariffs serve two purposes: raising money for the government and encouraging the growth of national business.
Alexander Hamilton
Called for a national bank
“loose interpretation” & “Elastic Clause”
Good relations with Britain and against the French Revolution
Strong Central Government
Thomas Jefferson
Against National bank
Strict construction of the constitution.
Favored the French Revolution
States Rights

6. Democratic- Republicans
Political Parties
Federalists
Democratic- Republicans
Leaders: Hamilton, Adams
Leaders: Jefferson, Madison
Supporters: Lawyers, merchants, manufactures, clergy
Supporters: Farmers, Urban workers
Beliefs:
Strong national government
Loose construction of the Constitution
Favored national bank
Economy based on trade
Limited national government
Strict construction of the Constitution
Opposed national bank
Agricultural Economy
Federalist can be considered more supportive of business than the Democratic- Republicans because they supported manufactures as apposed to Democratic-Republicans who pictured America to be a rural nation of farmers. Federalist supported a National Bank.
National Banks= Loans= Creates Business
Manufactures = NEW PRODUCTS = $$$

7. Challenges to the New Government
Northwest Territory
In 1783 the Treaty of Paris had tried to resolve the claims to this area. However, Spain, Britain, the United States and Native Americans all had claimed parts of this area.
Strong Resistance was from Native Americans
Washington sent troops to the Northwest territory to defend American interest
In 1790 and 1791 United States armies were defeated by Native Americans
Battle of Fallen Timbers
On August 20, Anthony (“Mad Anthony”) Wayne and his men defeated the Native Americans in what is now Toledo, Ohio.
Treaty of Greenville in 1795

8. Challenges of the First U.S Government
Trouble in the Backcountry
In spite of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Washington felt he had to put another army into the field.
Hamilton pushed through Congress a taxed to be levied specially on the manufacture of whiskey
Whiskey Rebellion
In the summer of 1794, a group of farmers in western Pennsylvania staged the Whiskey Rebellion against the tax.
One armed group attacked and burned the home of regional tax collector.
Washington kept order by sending any army of 13,000 soldiers into western Pennsylvania to put down the uprising.
Federal troops rounded up a group of about 20 accused leaders.

9. Problems Abroad France and Britain at War
In 1789 a financial crisis led the French people to rebel against their government.
Americans at first supported the French Revolution.
In 1792 it became extremely violent and the King and Queen were executed by 1793.
France and Britain at War
Jefferson felt that a move to crush the French Revolution was an attack on liberty everywhere. But Hamilton argued that Britain was the United States’ primary trading partner, and British trade was too vital to risk war.
April 1793 Washington declared that the United States would remain neutral.
Britain made it hard by seizing ships
Jays Treaty – Britain would pay damages of for U.S vessels.
Pinckney’s Treaty- favorable terms with Spain

10. John Adams Administration
Problems with France
When Washington left office in 1797, relations between French and the United States were tense.
With Britain and France still at war, the French began seizing and harassing U.S. ships. Within in the year France had looted more than 300 U.S. Ships.
XYZ Affair
John Adams blamed many problems on new immigrants whom were sympathetic to the Democratic- Republicans.
Alien and Sedition Acts

11. Problems and Solutions
Need for executive aid and advice
Cabinet appointments
Government source of income
Taxation, National Bank
Disputes with foreign nations
Remain Neutral
Jay’s Treaty
Pinckney’s Treaty