1. Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4

2. OPTIONAL ASSIGNMENT What are the tropics? - define and explain this term, especially as it applies to the factors that affect the growth of plants, including economically important ones. Due today - return as hard copy or by e-mail

5. QUIZ 1.Name a fruit that is from a member of the rose family, Rosaceae. 2.A hesperidium is a type of berry – how is it different from other berries? Give an example of a hesperidium.

6. Orangerie

7. Kumquat – Fortunella japonica and F. margarita

8. Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives Many genera used for food; some also for various implements Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind (  enhances storage)

9. Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives Many genera used for food; some also for various implements Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind (  enhances storage) Plants = vines, with tendrils

10. Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives Many genera used for food; some also for various implements Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind (  enhances storage) Plants = vines, with tendrils Flowers – often unisexual, with 5 sepals, 5 united petals

11. Cucurbita Flowers See Fig. 4.5, p. 83

12. Cucurbita Flowers Pistillate (“female”) Flower See Fig. 4.5, p. 83 (note enlarged ovary at base)

13. Cucurbita Flowers Pistillate (“female”) Flower Staminate (“male”) Flower See Fig. 4.5, p. 83 (note slender stalk)

14. Cucurbita Flowers Pistillate (“female”) Flower Staminate (“male”) Flower See Fig. 4.5, p. 83

15. Cucurbita Flowers Pistillate (“female”) Flower Staminate (“male”) Flower See Fig. 4.5, p. 83

16. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. See Table 4.3, p. 84

17. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin See Table 4.3, p. 84

18. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin See Table 4.3, p. 84

19. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc. See Table 4.3, p. 84

20. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc. See Table 4.3, p. 84 First uses – probably for seeds; later used for fleshy part of fruit

21. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc. See Table 4.3, p. 84 All New World Species

22. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc. See Table 4.3, p. 84 All New World Species - separate domestications – eastern North America, Mexico, of C. pepo

23. Other Cultivated Cucurbits Old World: - Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus - Melons – Cucumis melo - Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus Luffa – Luffa cylindrica

24. Other Cultivated Cucurbits Old World: - Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus - Melons – Cucumis melo - Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus Luffa – Luffa cylindrica New World: - Chayote – Sechium edule

25. Other Cultivated Cucurbits Old World: - Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus - Melons – Cucumis melo - Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus Luffa – Luffa cylindrica New World: - Chayote – Sechium edule Global: - Bottle Gourd – Lagenaria siceraria

26. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Archaeological Record: cultivated in Ecuador/Peru (7,000 years ago) and Egypt (3000 years ago) Resolution: - people in reed boats? Fishermen? - gourds floating in oceanic currents?

27. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320 Resolution: (1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa

28. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320 Resolution: (1)Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa (2)Accurate identification of New World archeological samples - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths

29. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320 Resolution: (1)Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa (2)Accurate identification of New World archeological samples - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths (3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology - Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP)

30. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320 Resolution: (1)Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa (2)Accurate identification of New World archeological samples - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths (3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology - Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP) (4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa

31. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320 Resolution: (1)Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa (2)Accurate identification of New World archeological samples - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths (3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology - Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP) (4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa Conclusion: dog + gourds moved with early people from Asia

32. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop

33. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop - 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)

34. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop - 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) - possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)

35. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop - 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) - possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple) - France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple

36. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop - 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) - possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple) - France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple Early confusion in Europe/North America: - aphrodisiac (love apple) - poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae)

37. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop - 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) - possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple) - France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple Early confusion in Europe/North America: - aphrodisiac (love apple) - poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae) Note: German name “wolf peach” (association with werewolves) became basis for genus name Lycopersicon

38. Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands

39. Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Find Peru and the Galapagos Islands on the globe

40. Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl  Spanish tomate  tomato

41. Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl  Spanish tomate  tomato Classification: Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon

42. Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl  Spanish tomate  tomato Classification: Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon New Molecular-based Findings – part of Solanum (actually sister group to potatoes)

43. Tomato – Flower and Fruit Notes: Stamens open by terminal pores  require shaking to release pollen See Fig. 4.11, p. 90

44. Tomato – Flower and Fruit Notes: Stamens open by terminal pores  require shaking to release pollen Plants are quite sensitive to chemicals produced by walnuts (allelopathy) See Fig. 4.11, p. 90

45. Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Fruit type = ?

46. Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Fruit type = berry

47. Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Intruded placentae

48. Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Intruded placentae Colorful tomatoes

49. Pineapples – The Multiple Fruit Ananas comosus - Bromeliaceae See Fig. 4.16, p. 93

50. What is a Cereal?

51. Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter). Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed  forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons

52. What is a Cereal? Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter). Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed  forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses See Fig. 5.1, p. 111

53. What is a Cereal? Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter). Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed  forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses Cereal = edible grains produced by annual grasses Cereal Grain – redundant? See Fig. 5.1, p. 111

54. Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family Agrostology – Study of Grasses

55. Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family Agrostology – Study of Grasses Gramineae – traditional name for family

56. Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family Agrostology – Study of Grasses Gramineae – traditional name for family Ranks: 4th (number of species) 1 st (Number of individuals) 1 st – Economic Importance

57. Grass Plant – Overall Structure See Fig. 5.2, p. 112

58. Grass Infloresence Structure See Fig. 5.2, p. 112

59. Grass Infloresence Structure Flower See Fig. 5.2, p. 112

60. Grain – Fruit of the Grass Family See Fig. 5.4, p. 112

61. Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication 1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115

62. Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication 1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching 2.Reduced lodging See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115

63. Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication 1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching 2.Reduced lodging 3.Non-shattering See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115

64. Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication 1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching 2.Reduced lodging 3.Non-shattering 4.Free-threshing See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115

65. Major Cereal Crops Barley – Hordeum vulgare Wheat – Triticum (T. aestivum, T. monococcum, T. durum) Rye – Secale cereale Oats – Avena sativa Rice – Oryza sativa Sorghum – Sorghum bicolor Millets – Eleusine coracana, Pennisetum glaucum, etc. Corn – Zea mays SeeTable. 5.2, p. 110

66. Thursday Lecture – Cereal Grains Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5