1. Tanaman Makanan Food Crops AGR 3502

2. What are food crops? Any domesticated or wild species of any plant parts that are used for human or animal consumption in raw or processed form.

4. Important plant family Hundreds of plant families, but the most important ones are; Poaceae=Graminae Fabaceae=Leguminosae Brassicaceae=Cruciferae Asteraceae=Compositae Aracaceae=Palmae

5. Types of food crops Cereals (bijirin) cereals are edible seeds from the grass family (Poaceae or Graminae). They include wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats, sorghum, and millet, among others. The grain is a caryopsis, which is a dry, one-seeded fruit. The grains of different cereal crops may differ in size and shape, but they all have a similar structure and composition.

6. Types of food crops… cont Pulses The edible seeds of members of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family, which includes beans, peas, soybeans, groundnuts (peanuts) and lentils, among other crops.

7. Types of food crops… cont Roots and Tubers Edible tubers, roots and corms e.g. cassava, sweet potatoes, taro (cocoyam), yams (Dioscorea spp.) and arrowroot. It is expected that roots and tubers will play an increasingly important role as food security crops in the next 20 years.

8. Types of food crops… cont Oil seed crops Important oil seed crops include soybeans, rapeseed, sunflower seeds, groundnuts, oil palm, sesame, and cottonseed.

9. Types of food crops… cont Vegetable crops The foods called vegetables are a diverse group that include some fruits (e.g., tomatoes), roots (e.g., carrots), and flowers (e.g., broccoli). “Vegetable" is a term that refers to crops that are generally eaten fresh or preserved in the fresh form.

10. Types of food crops… cont Fruits A fruits is generally a fleshy seed associated part of particular plant, it is naturally and most edible and sweet in the raw state. A wide variety of fruits (tropical and temperate) Tropical fruits have their origin in the tropics and require a warm climate to grow. They cannot tolerate frost condition.

11. Types of food crops… cont Nuts Important crops in this category include coconut, cashew nut, almond and walnut, among others. These crops tend to be high in fat, but may also contain beneficial vitamins, minerals, and protein.

12. Types of food crops… cont Spices A wide variety of spice crops such as cinnamon, nutmeg, anise, cumin, black pepper and others.

13. Types of food crops… cont Medicinal plants or herbs A wide variety of herbal plants especially in the tropics. As an important source of medicine. Examples include, kacip fatimah, tongkat ali, hempedu bumi, misai kucing.

14. Types of food crops… cont Beverage crops a diversity of drinks derive from plant sources, e.g. cocoa, tea, coffee, barley. The main contribution of this group to human nutrition is to supply water, essential for human life. Some also provide vitamins and minerals. Others provide stimulants (caffeine), alcohol and spirits.

15. A staple food, sometimes simply referred to as a staple, is a food that is eaten routinely, and in such quantities thatfood it constitutes a dominant portion of a standard diet in a given population, supplying a large fraction of the needs for energy-rich materials What is a staple food?

16. Top food crop species Maize Wheat Rice Potatoes Cassava Barley Soybean Sweet potatoes

17. Staple foods

18. Any questions

19. The Importance of food crops Dietary requirements 1. Nutrient supply As source of macronutrients and micronutrients. e.g. Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) in rice, corn and wheat β carotene in cassava. 2. Proteins

20. The Importance of food crops Dietary requirements 3. Fiber As an important dietary component obtained from plants. Fiber is not digestible but is desirable because it helps food to transit through the digestive tract.

21. The Importance of food crops Dietary requirements 4. Vitamins play a critical role as coenzymes in many metabolic pathways, or may be directly involved in synthesis of essential compounds.

22. The Importance of food crops Dietary requirements 5. Energy supply CropEnergy (kJ/g)Protein (%)Lipid (%) Wheat142011.52.1 Corn147110.14.1 Rice12968.52.1 Sorghum145510.15.1 Potatoes3472.00.1 Cassava??

23. Nutrient content

24. On global scale Food security

25. Challenges for the future Rice consumers is increasing at the rate of 1.8% annually. C urrently, production is 560 mill t annually by 2025 need 850 mill t.

26. Challenges for the future High population growth Shortage of land Scare of water resources Shortage of labour Climate change

27. So we have to focus only Not more than 4 crop species Rice (Oryza sativa) Corn (Zea mays) Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

28. 1.Rice 2.Maize (corn) 3.Sweet potatoes 4.Cassava (tapioca)

29. Fruits Vegetables Herbs Seeds & Nuts Legumes Excluding