1. http://www.ablongman.com/bee4e Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 6 Prenatal Development And Birth Social and Personality Development in Infancy This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Psychoanalytic Perspectives –Freud Oral Stage – derive satisfaction from the mouth Symbiotic relationship between mother and child –Erikson Trust versus Mistrust –Helping the infant get its needs met consistently –Social relationships go beyond feeding Theories

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Ethological Perspectives –John Bowlby The ability to make strong emotional bonds is innate. These bonds have survival value. Bonds are maintained by instinctive behaviors that create and sustain proximity. Theories

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Ethological Perspectives –John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth Attachment –An attachment is an affectional bond in which a person’s sense of security is bound up in the relationship. –The child can use the “mother” as a “safe base.” Ethologists believe the first 2 years constitute a sensitive period for attachment in human infants. Theories

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Synchrony –The opportunity for parent and infant to develop a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors –Takes practice over time to develop until each participant follows the other –Highly synchronous 6 – 8-month-old infants Have larger vocabularies at age 2 Have higher intelligence scores at age 3 The Parent’s Attachment to the Infant

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Mother’s bond with the infant –Mothers end up doing more routine caregiving than fathers. – Talk to and smile at the baby more The Parent’s Attachment to the Infant

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Father’s bond with the infant –Fathers have the same repertoire as mothers. Touch, talk to, and cuddle just like Mom – After first few weeks, fathers begin to spend more time playing with baby. More physical roughhousing –Affectional bond rather than attachment, according to Ainsworth The Parent’s Attachment to the Infant

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Establishing Attachment –Bowlby suggests there are 3 phases Nonfocused orienting and signaling (0 – 2 months) –Uses an innate set of behavior patterns to signal needs –Proximity promoting behaviors Focus on one or more figures (3 – 6 months) –Smiles more at people who regularly care for her –Still uses proximity promoting behaviors with many Secure base behavior (6 – 7 months) –Proximity seeking behaviors –Most important person used as a safe base for explorations The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Attachment Behaviors –Separation Anxiety Infants cry and protest when separated from mother. –Social Referencing Use cues from facial expressions of Mom or Dad –Helps to figure out novel situations –Helps to learn to regulate emotions The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Internal models –Child’s confidence concerning availability of the attachment figure –Child’s expectation of rebuff or affection –Child’s sense of assurance in the safe base Internal models become elaborated from the time a child is 1 year until the age of 4 or 5. Variations in Attachment Quality

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Mary Ainsworth –The Strange Situation Series of eight episodes played in a laboratory Children between 12 and 18 months –Secure attachment –Insecure/avoidant attachment –Insecure/ambivalent attachment –Insecure/disorganized attachment Secure and Insecure Attachments

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Origins of Secure and Insecure Attachments –Emotional Availability Caregiver who is able and willing to form an emotional attachment –Contingent Responsiveness Caregivers who are sensitive to the child’s cues and respond appropriately –Both are essential to formation of a secure attachment Secure and Insecure Attachments

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Insecure/avoidant attachment –Mother rejects or regularly withdraws from the infant –Mother is overly intrusive or overly stimulating Insecure/ambivalent attachment –Primary caregiver is inconsistently or unreliably available to the child Insecure/disorganized attachment –Likely when the child has been abused, and when a parent has an unresolved childhood trauma Secure and Insecure Attachments

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Factors influencing secure attachment –Marital Status Higher educational background Higher socio-economic status Older parents –Psychiatric Illness Depressed mothers interact less. Caregiver Characteristics and Attachment

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What kind of attachment do you have with your parents? Has it changed since you were a child or does it reflect the type of attachment you had when you were younger? What factors will influence your choice of child care if the mother is working? What would be best for your child? Questions to Ponder

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Securely attached –More sociable –More positive in relationships with friends –Less clinging and dependent on teachers –Less aggressive –More emotionally mature –Continues into adolescence More likely to be leaders Have higher self-esteem Long Term Consequences of Attachment Quality

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Securely attached –Increased sociability throughout early, middle, and late adulthood –Affects their parenting behaviors –Demonstrates that the attachment relationship becomes the foundation for future social relationships Long Term Consequences of Attachment Quality

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Cross-Cultural Research on Attachment Table 6.2

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Dimensions of Temperament –Thomas and Chess Easy child – 40% Difficult child – 10% Slow-to-warm-up child – 15% Personality, Temperament, and Self-Concept

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Origins and stability of temperament –Heredity Identical twins are more alike in temperament than fraternal twins. Adult personality studies support innate temperament. –Neurological processes Underlying physiological processes – Kagan –Shyness »Differing thresholds for arousal »Dopamine and serotonin problems »Frontal lobe asymmetry Personality, Temperament, and Self-Concept

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Origins and stability of temperament –Environment Sandra Scarr –Niche-Picking »People of all ages choose their experiences that reflect their temperaments. May affect how a child interprets a given experience Tendency of parents to respond differently to each child depending on temperament –Secure attachments tend to modify heredity effects. Personality, Temperament, and Self-Concept

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Long-Term Stability –Growing evidence of consistency in temperament over long periods of time Temperament and Development –Emotionally negative infants are less likely to get the parental support that encourages cognitive development. –Difficult babies and slow-to-warm-up babies are less responsive to parents. Goodness of Fit –Temperament that matches the environment promotes cognitive development Personality, Temperament, and Self-Concept

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The subjective self –Awareness by the child that he is separate from others and endures over time –Appears by 8–12 months at the same time as object permanence. The objective self –The toddler comes to understand that she is an object in the world. Self-Concept

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Figure 6.1

25. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Rouge Test Children at 21 months show self- recognition in the mirror. –This is the same age that children name themselves, use “I,” “me,” and “mine.” Studying Self-Awareness

26. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The emotional self –Babies learn to identify changes in emotional expression. Starts at 2 – 3 months –Perception of other’s emotions helps guide the child’s actions. Self-Concept

27. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Child-care arrangements –12% By a parent, at home or at work –32% Family daycare in another’s home –33% By a relative, in a relative’s or child’s home –39% Center care Effects of Nonparental Care

28. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Figure 6.2

29. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Effects on cognitive development –High-quality day care has beneficial effects, especially for children from poor families. –Middle-class children who entered daycare in the first year of life had smaller vocabularies. Effects of Nonparental Care

30. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Effects on social development –Infant daycare has negative effects on attachment if started under one year. –Parents whose behaviors are associated with insecure attachment have children who are negatively affected by early day care. –Belsky associates early day care with greater risks for social problems in school-age children. Effects of Nonparental Care

31. http://www.ablongman.com/bee4e Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 6 Prenatal Development And Birth End Show This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.