2. Learning Objectives Summarize the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
Explain US and Japanese strategy at the opening of WWII.
Be familiar with the timeline of key events in the Pacific Theater.
Summarize the battles for Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa.
Describe the decisions that led to the employment of the atomic bomb.

3. The Road to War
Japan sought to control of “East Asia” for additional markets and sources of raw materials
Invades China in 1931.
Invades French Indochina in 1940.
“Colonial” governments begin imposing embargoes to put brakes on Japanese expansion.
Japanese armed forces argue that they must strike to relieve pressure of embargoes.
Expect conflict, but buy time and surprise through negotiations.
US and UK focused on war in Europe.

4. Japanese Strategy Three Phases
Phase I: Surprise attacks, then strategic defense.
Knock out US fleet; seize vital areas; establish defensive perimeter.
Phase II: Strengthen perimeter; make any offensive action by the US prohibitively costly.
Phase III: Defeat and destroy any forces that attempt to penetrate the perimeter.
Long US LOC and natural strength of defense should almost guarantee success.

7. Pearl Harbor Surprise Critical Vulnerability?? Fog and friction?
Deception operations
First significant use of carriers.
Tactical home run, but strategic foul ball…or strikeout?
Critical Vulnerability??
US Pacific Fleet
Destruction of battleships proved counterproductive.
US carriers proved to be “surface” that cost Japanese the war.
Fog and friction?
Healthy fleet could cause problems, but US may not have challenged Japan’s other strategic moves.
Failed to hit carriers, subs, fuel, or repair facilities.
Failed to exploit initial success.
“Cowardly” attack united public opinion against Japan and guaranteed US entry.

9. Who’s in charge? General MacArthur Admiral Nimitz SWPA Maneuver
Southwestern Pacific
Many large land masses
Maneuver
Retake PI
Island Hop, but larger land masses.
Admiral Nimitz
POA
North, Central, Southern Pacific
Primarily open ocean
Carrier Air
Island Hop

12. Island Hopping Campaign
LtCol (then Maj) “Pete” Ellis develops OPLAN 712 “Advanced Base Operations in Micronesia” (aka “the Orange Plan”) in 1921.
Predicts that Japan will strike first.
" it will be necessary for us to project our fleet and landing forces across the Pacific and wage war in Japanese waters. To effect this requires that we have sufficient bases to support the fleet, both during its projection and afterwards. To effect [an amphibious landing] in the face of enemy resistance requires careful training and preparation to say the least; and this along Marine lines. It is not enough that the troops be skilled infantrymen or artillery men of high morale; they must be skilled watermen and jungle-men who know it can be done--Marines with Marine training."

13. MajGen Lejeune circa 1923
"... on both flanks of a fleet crossing the Pacific are numerous islands suitable for utilization by an enemy for radio stations, aviation, submarine, or destroyer bases. All should be mopped up as progress is made The presence of an expeditionary force with the fleet would add greatly to the striking power of the Commander-in-Chief of the fleet The maintenance, equipping, and training of its expeditionary force so that it will be in instant readiness to support the fleet in the event of war, I deem to be the most important Marine Corps duty in time of peace."

15. Logistics Logistics plays a crucial role in the Pacific.
Island Hopping to seize advanced (primarily air) bases and cut Japanese LOC.
Japanese have qualitative edge in military hardware at the beginning of war.
Choose quality over quantity (Zero, Yamato).
Unable to replace assets quickly.
US is master of mass production.
Average quality, tremendous quantity.
Implement ideas from captured equipment.
US subs operate independently and sink Japanese ships faster than Japan can produce them.

16. 1941 December 7 Pearl Harbor Dec 8 US & GB declare war on Japan
Dec 9 China declares war on Japan
Dec 10 Prince of Wales and Repulse sunk
Japan invades Burma, Hong Kong, Philippines, Guam, Wake, & Borneo

17. 1942 The Empire Expands February Singapore falls March New Guinea
April Bataan
May Corregidor

18. 1942 April Doolittle Raid on Tokyo May Coral Sea June Midway
Tactical evolution with strategic impact.
Shifts morale in both countries
Adapt and overcome…
May Coral Sea
“Stop the enemy”
Tactical victory for Japan
Strategic victory for US
June Midway
July-November Guadalcanal
Island not officially “secured” until Feb ’43.

20. Battle of Midway June 1942 Original perimeter not sufficient. Security
Doolittle raid concerns Japanese.
Want base to bomb Hawaii.
Deliver killing blow to US fleet.
Security
Simplicity
Yamamoto uses “operational push” tactics.
Attacks island before locating US fleet.
First naval battle fought entirely with airplanes.

21. Midway: The Tide Turns
Patrol planes spot Japanese main body just as they are about to RTB.
Midway-based A/C strike Japanese TF
Japanese A/C attack Midway with little impact.
Rearm w/ bombs or torpedoes?
US carrier-based torpedo attack has same outcome as land-based attack, but distract fighters and allow dive bombers to hit TF while planes rearm/refuel.
Aviation “combined arms”?
Japanese lose four heavy carriers, all planes, and many of their best pilots; US loses Yorktown.

23. Guadalcanal 7 August 1942 First offensive action of the war.
Critical airfield.
First plane makes emergency landing on 12 Aug.
2 USMC squadrons arrive on 20 Aug.
Only one “healthy” carrier left by end of battle.
Strategic offense; tactical defense
Navy bugs out, taking majority of supplies with them.
Redeem themselves during critical 12 Nov naval battle when they turn back major Japanese force.

24. Guadalcanal Japanese piecemeal counterattacks.
Maneuver, mass, and surprise all hampered by jungle.
8 day forced march
USMC conducts vigorous patrols as part of “active defense”.
2d Raider Bn conducts month-long patrol.
Japanese attempt to reinforce by sea, but suffer significant losses in the process. (7 of 11 transports)
Jungle causes significant casualties.
Over 1k new cases of malaria per week.
Army comes in to mop up in November.

25. Results Island “secured” in Feb ’43.
Japan suffers critical losses in all areas.
600 a/c, 2300 aircrew
25k soldiers (1/2 in combat, ½ to illness)
2 BB, 3 CV, 12 Cruisers, 25 destroyers
Roughly same number as US, but Japan unable to replace.
Institution of CATF/CLF.

27. 1st Marine Division Staff 23 Generals, 1 Admiral, 3 Commandants;
40 officers with 700 yrs of combined service.

30. 1943
March Bismark Sea (limited Japanese reinforcement of Southern Pacific)
November Tarawa and Makin (Gilberts)
1944
February Kwajalein & Eniwetok (Marshalls)
February-June New Guinea
June-August Saipan, Tinian, Guam (Marianas)
B29s now able to be recovered after hitting Japan
October Leyte Gulf
Destroyed much of Japanese Navy

31. The Low Road MacAurthur leap-frogs through his AO.
Skips heavily defended islands and areas and leaves them to “wither on the vine” by taking less well defended surrounding islands and cutting off LOC.
Seizure of New Guinea puts him in a position to retake Philippines.
Works around coast of NG to take advantage of naval superiority, again bypassing and cutting off strong points.
Critical vulnerabilities?

32. 1945 February-March Iwo Jima March Tokyo raids April-June Okinawa
Low level incendiary bombing runs with much destruction. Designed to force surrender but didn’t.
April-June Okinawa
August
6th Hiroshima
9th Nagasaki
14th Japan surrenders.
September 2 VJ Day

34. Iwo Jima D-Day 9 Feb 1945 Airfields again the objectives. 450 ships
Pre-invasion bombardment shortened from 12 to 3 days.
Weather limited effectiveness of even this.
3rd, 4th, 5th MARDIVs
1st wave gets ashore, but when bombardment lifts for them to move inland, all hell breaks loose.
Southern half of island in US hands by D+2.
Takes 34 more days to secure remainder of island (8 square miles total).

35. Iwo Jima Nothing fancy; simple but costly.
“Throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete.”
36 days, 26k US casualites including 6k KIA.
1 of every 3 US personnel that went ashore was wounded or killed.   
1k of 20k defenders survived   
2400 B-29s w/ 27k crewmen made unscheduled landings on island by the time the war ended.
27 Medals of Honor awarded. 

36. "The battle of Iwo Island has been won
"The battle of Iwo Island has been won. The United States Marines by their individual and collective courage have conquered a base which is as necessary to us in our continuing forward movement toward final victory as it was vital to the enemy in staving off off ultimate defeat. By their victory, the 3d, 4th and 5th Marine Divisions and other units of the 5th Amphibious Corps have made an accounting to their country which only history will be able to value fully. Among the Americans who served on Iwo Island, uncommon valor was a common virtue. " Admiral Chester W. Nimitz

39. Okinawa D Day 1 April Last stop before the mainland. 1200 ships
1, 2, 6 MARDIV + 3 Army divisions
USMC heads north; secures northern ½ of island by D+4.
Combined Army/USMC battle determined Japanese defenders until late June.
Gen Geiger named to command Tenth Army when Buckner is KIA.
Better job of using combined-arms, but still ugly.

41. Desperation Kamikaze = Divine Wind
                                
Kamikaze = Divine Wind
1900 planes launched against US during Battle for Okinawa.
6 April
355 launched
22 get through defenses
3 US ships sunk.

42. The Costs US
7k KIA
31k WIA
Japan
130k KIA
10k POW
Lost 700+ aircraft

43. What platoon are you guys?
Victory was never in doubt…What was in doubt, in all our minds, was whether there would be any of us left to dedicate our cemetery at the end, or whether the last Marine would die knocking out the last Japanese gun and gunner. Let the world count our crosses.
MajGen Graves Erskine, CG 3d Marine Division, following the Battle for Iwo Jima
What platoon are you guys?
Platoon, hell! We’re the 2nd Battalion, 22d Marines, what’s left of us anyway.
Exchange between Marines following the Battle for Sugarloaf Hill on Okinawa, May 1945

45. A New Formula for Mass Japan warned, but refused to surrender.
Planners estimated invasion would result in 3-5x as many casualties as at Okinawa.
Hiroshima
6 August 1945
HQ, Japanese 2nd Army
60-70k killed or missing
Nagasaki
9 August
40k killed
Compare
Dresden k
Tokyo 120k KIA/WIA
Logical outcome of “Total War”?

48. For Further Study At Dawn We Slept Prange Guadalcanal Frank
Goodbye Darkness Manchester
Battle Cry Uris
With the Old Breed Sledge
Iwo Jima, Legacy of Valor Ross
A Marine Named Mitch Paige
Once a Legend Hoffman
Once a Marine Vandergrift

49. Questions?