1. Bio 391 What does Organic Mean?
Biochemistry
(fish have omega-3-fatty acids which are good, unsaturated f.a.)
Bio 391
What does Organic Mean?

2. What’s so special about Carbon??6 C
Carbon
12.011
Atomic Number
# of protons
(and also # of
electrons)
Name of
Element
Chemical
symbol
Atomic Mass
The weight
Of carbon
atom or
average
weight of
all isotopes
How many electrons does carbon have in its outermost shell?
What’s so special about Carbon??

3. Biochemistry Topics 4 major macromolecules of life
Structure
Function
Why are they important?
Energy and Reactions
Hydrolysis vs. condensation/dehydration synthesis

4. Why Carbon? Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
Leads to many different molecules
forming large chains or rings
Linking of carbons can form very large molecules called Macromolecules
Each individual unit is called a monomer. When they are linked together they are called a polymer.
4 macromolecules necessary for life: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids
Could life be silicon based?

5. “Elements of Life” Organic = carbon-based molecules
Examples: C6H12O6, CH4
Inorganic = molecules without carbon–carbon
or carbon–hydrogen bonds
Examples: NaCl, NH4, H2SO4 , CO, CO2
Organic is no longer synonymous with life, but it had been in the past. Really it’s just C-C or C-H bonding.

6. Polymerization Synthesis of organic molecules
Small subunits called MONOMERS are joined to form POLYMERS
Polymers are MACROMOLECULES
Monomers
Polymer

7. MONOMERS POLYMERS Simple or Single Sugars Carbohydrates or
Complex Sugars
Amino Acids
Proteins
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Fats or Lipids
Nitrogenous Bases
Phosphoric Acid
5-Carbon Sugar
Nucleic Acids:
RNA or DNA

8. Carbohydrates Fxn: Primary source of Energy
Structure: Made of C, H, and O
Ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1
General formula: Cn(H2O)n-1 ie. C12H22O11
n = the # of C’s in the molecule : usually 3 - 7
Rings are usually formed as opposed to the linear structure
Small carbs. are water soluble because of -OH groups

9. GLUCOSE: key to life Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms.
This is what our bodies break down when we eat to obtain energy!

10. Types of Carbohydrates
Monomer = Monosaccharide
Simple sugars: glucose, galactose, fructose
6-C sugar molecule = “hexose”
Disaccharides = 2 sugars linked together
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Polymer = Polysaccharide = many monosacc.s joined
Longterm energy storage
Plants = starch, cellulose
Animals = glycogen

11. ISOMERS Same molecular formula different structural formula
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What is the molecular formula for each? What are the structural differences?

12. Polysaccharides in Plants vs. Animals
: Good site comparing/contrasting starch and cellulose

13. POLYSACCHARIDES Structural Materials & Energy Storage
1. Plant Cell walls: Cellulose (not digestable)
2. Plant tissue: Starch (yummy!)
3. Arthropod Exoskeleton: Chitin
4. Cell Walls of Fungi: Chitin
5. Cell Walls of Bacteria: Peptidoglycan
6. Animals: Glycogen (liver & muscles)
Insulin
Glycogen Glucose
Glucagon

14. Recap… What is the main function of a carbohydrate?
What is the general name of the monomer for a carbohydrate?
What is the most important, specific monomer of carbohydrates?
What is an isomer? Give an example.

15. LIPIDS  Fats, Oils, Waxes
Fxn: Long-term energy storage
& Cell membrane structure
Structure: Made of C, H, O
No definite ratios
Nonpolar – not soluble in water; hydrophobic
Examples: triglycerides - saturated & unsaturated fats, phospholipids, sterols (steroids &cholesterol, hormones and vitamins
is a good website for lipids

16. Lipid Properties MONOMER: 1 glycerol and 1-3 fatty acids
POLYMER: Lipid
Properties of lipid depends on fatty acids
(saturated vs. unsaturated)

17. Triglyceride Fatty acid Saturated Fatty acid Saturated Fatty acid
Unsaturated
Glycerol

18. Saturated vs. Unsaturated
All single bonds connect C
Solid at room temp
Ex: butter, lard
“Straight, stackable”
Contain double bonds
Liquid at room temp
Ex: olive oil, corn oil
Typically plant-based

19. What are trans-fats?
“Trans” double bonds are not naturally found in biological systems
When unsat. fats are “hydrogenated” to become sat. fat (easier to store, ship,use), the H’s can rearrange and ‘straighten out’ the molecule
Trans fat is bad (?) b/c it is not recognized by our body’s enzymes (?)
very clever, simple explanation of saturation in fatty acids

20. Component of cell membrane
Two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group
Amphipathic
Polar head: hydrophilic
Phosphate group attached to glycerol
Non-Polar Tail: Hydrophobic
Two fatty acid chains attached to glycerol

21. Required to build and maintain cell membranes
Regulates membrane fluidity
May act as an antioxidant
Aids in the manufacture of bile
Important for the metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K)
Synthesis in hormones: cortisol, aldosterone & sex hormones

22. Recap What are 2 functions of lipids? What atoms are in a lipid?
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?
What does amphipathic mean? What lipid fits this description?

23. Proteins
Fxn: control reactions (enzymes), regulate cell processes, structure (tissues, bones, muscles), transport & help fight disease
Structure: contain N, C, H, O
Have an amino group (-NH2)
Have a carboxyl group (-COOH)
Have an “R” group (“other”)
there are 20 different R groups
Three major groups: Polar, Ionic, and Nonpolar

24. 20 Possible R groups (red)

25. Proteins MONOMER: amino acid POLYMER: Polypeptide or Protein
2 amino acids are joined by a peptide bond
4 levels of protein structure

26. Protein Structure Primary structure Secondary structure
Amino acids bond forming polypeptide chain
Secondary structure
Chain folds or twists into specific configuration
Stabilized by H bonds (ex: α helices, β pleats)
Tertiary Structure
More complex folding: globular or spherical
Usually b/c of hydrophobicity
Quaternary Structure
Multiple structures folded together

28. Causes of Denaturation
Change in protein conformation/shape
Temperature:
Increase or decrease will possibly cause bonds to be disrupted.
2. pH
Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and repulsions that contribute to tertiary structure.
Salt Concentration
Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and repulsions
4. Solvents (liquids that dissolve)

29. Recap… What is the monomer of a protein?
What are the “groups” of the monomer commonly called? i.e. R group, ?, ?

30. Nucleic Acids Fxn: Store or transmit genetic information
Structure: contains H, O, N, C, P
Monomer made of three parts:
5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine, guanine)
MONOMER: Nucleotide
POLYMER: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
or RNA (ribonucleic acid)

31. Nucleotides: Connect with Hydrogen Bonds

32. Recap… What are the two types of nucleic acids?
What are the atoms in a nucleotide?
We’ll study nucleic acids more in the future, when we study genetics.

33. So why do these macromolecules matter to life?
Studying Reactions

34. Chemical Reactions
 Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
Reactant + Reactant = Product + Product
Always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds
REARRANGING!

35. Types of Reactions Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis ( or Condensation)
Break apart monomers
by the addition of water.
An H is added to one monomer & an OH is added to the other monomer.
Dehydration Synthesis ( or Condensation)
Join monomers
One monomer loses a H+ and the other loses an OH-
Water is removed
Covalent bond is formed

36. Dehydration Synthesis

37. Energy in reactions
Bonds are the storage place of energy in molecules / compounds
Break a bond  RELEASE energy
Make a bond  REQUIRES energy
KNOW THIS!!! FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF SCIENCE

38. Energy in Reactions EXERGONIC (E exiting)
Chemical reactions that release energy
Often spontaneous (occur on their own)
But often need a “push” to get started
ENDERGONIC (E needing)
Chemical reactions that absorb energy
Need energy input to occur
ACTIVATION ENERGY  the energy needed to get a reaction started. Enzymes (proteins) do this.
 The “push”

39. METABOLISM CATABOLISM DIGESTION EXOTHERMIC RELEASE E BREAK BONDS
CELL RESPIRATION
Big
Molecules
Small
Molecules
METABOLISM
ANABOLISM
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
ENDOTHERMIC
STORE E
MAKE BONDS
REDUCTION

40. Condensation Reaction

43. Recap… Do Hydrolysis reactions make polymers or monomers?
What is a condensation reaction?
Discuss the energy dynamics when making or breaking bonds.
What’s the difference between endergonic and exergonic?

44. Are these Organic? Why/why not?
Yes!

45. Match the Elements (Left) with Molecules (Right)
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
a. Glucose
b. Proteins
c. Starch
d. Fats
e. Nucleic acids
f. All of the above