1. Chapter 10
Personality

2. Personality
Personality – Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times

3. What Forces Shape Our Personalities?
According to the psychodynamic, humanistic and cognitive theories, personality is a continuously changing process, shaped by our internal needs and cognitions and by external pressures from the social environment

4. Psychodynamic Theories
Psychoanalysis– Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders
Psychoanalytic theory – Freud’s theory of personality

5. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious – Psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness

6. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Libido
Thanatos

7. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Drives people toward acts that are sexual, life-giving, and creative
Libido
Thanatos

8. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Drives people to experience sensual pleasure
Libido
Thanatos

9. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Libido
Drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors
Thanatos

10. Freud’s Model of the Mind

11. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Superego
Ego

12. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Primitive, unconscious portion of personality, houses most basic drives and stores repressed memories
Superego
Ego

13. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Mind’s storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society, same as common notion of conscience
Superego
Ego

14. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Conscious, rational part of personality, charged with keeping peace between superego and id
Superego
Ego

15. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychosexual stages – Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life. Freud believed that one’s personality was set in childhood. This is the discontinuous view of development (occurs in stages).
Freud believed that sexual urges were an important determinant of people’s personality development. Each of the stages is named for the part of the body from which people derive sexual pleasure during the stage.
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency
Genital Stage

16. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Fixation– Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage.
Fixation results from being either undergratified or overgratified.

17. Psychosexual Stages (Oh A Pig Likes Grass)
Birth-1 year: Freud proposed that children enjoy sucking and biting because it gives them a form of sexual pleasure.
Oral Stage
Desire: Oral Stimulation
Challenge: Overcoming dependency (being dependent on bottle; weaning).
Oral Fixation: If a child is over fed or underfed, or weaned from the bottle too early, then that could lead to the following problems later in life – overeating, too much gum chewing, smoking, nail-biting, talkativeness, gluttony, gullibility, chewing on objects, etc.

18. Psychosexual Stages (Oh A Pig Likes Grass)
1-3 years: Children are sexually gratified by the act of elimination (potty training)
Anal Stage
Desire: Anal Stimulation by bladder and bowel function.
Challenge: Toilet Training and self-control.
Anal Fixation: If a child has a traumatic toilet training experience, then that can lead to the anal expulsive personality, which describes people who are messy or disorganized, or the anal retentive personality, which describes people who are meticulously neat, hyperorganized, and a bit compulsive. The adult who is fixated in this stage can be destructive, cruel, stingy, cold, throw temper tantrums, and expect to get their way.

19. Psychosexual Stages (Oh A Pig Likes Grass)
Phallic Stage
3-5 years: Sexual gratification moves to the genitalia.
Desire: Stimulation of genitals (not considered abnormal!)
Challenge: Resolving Oedipus/Electra Complex, involving erotic attraction to parent of opposite sex and hostility to parent of same sex.
Phallic Fixation: If a child does not adequately resolve the issue of being able to identify who they are and know that they cannot have their opposite-sex parent as a mate, then they can become jealous adults, have egocentric sex, have many sexual partners in life as if they were trying to conquer something, or have problems in later life with their own parents. They may also be too sexually assured or aggressive, or consumed with their own sexual inadequacies.

20. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Oedipus complex – According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers. For girls, this is known as the Electra Complex.

21. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Identification – The unconscious mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent. This defense mechanism is meant to protect the conscious mind from thoughts that are too painful (can you imagine if you knew that you were in love with your opposite sex parent???!!)

22. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Penis envy– According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis– a condition that usually results in their attraction to males.
Castration anxiety – According to Freud, boys specifically fear that their fathers will castrate them to eliminate them as rivals for their mothers, so this keeps them behaving, identifying with their father, and shifts their attention to girls their own age.

23. Psychosexual Stages (Oh A Pig Likes Grass)
6 years - puberty: All sexual feelings are pushed out of conscious awareness (repression). Focus shifts to school and how children act with their peers.
Latency
Desire: Repression of sexual and aggressive desires.
Challenge: Consciously: learning modesty and shame. Unconsciously: dealing with a repressed Oedipal/Electra conflict.
Latent Fixation: If a child is shamed or embarrassed, then as an adult the child may develop excessive modesty. Freud also considered a fixation in this stage to lead to the preference for company of the same sex or homosexuality (by today’s psychological standards, this is not a disorder – Freud believed it was.)

24. Psychosexual Stages (Oh A Pig Likes Grass)
Puberty -Adulthood: Sexual pleasure is attained through sexual relationships with others.
Genital Stage
Desire: Mature sexual relationships.
Challenge: Displacing energy into healthy activities and establishing new relationships with parents.
Genital Fixation: None – this is due to the fact that if you enter this stage without having fixations in the other stages, then you will have healthy relationships.

25. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Ego defense mechanisms – Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety. It is the job of the ego to protect the conscious mind.
Repression
Denial
Projection
Reaction Formation
Regression
Rationalization
Displacement
Sublimation

26. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception Test

27. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychic determinism – Freud’s assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas desires or conflicts

28. ANNA FREUD DAUGHTER OF SIGMUND FREUD
THE HAMPSTEAD CHILD THERAPY CLINIC
ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN
DEFENSE MECHANISMS

29. CARL JUNG’S ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
BACKGROUND & EARLY YEARS
HE BEGAN TO WRITE TO FREUD
HE EMPHASIZED THE UNCONSCIOUS DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

30. EXTENDING THE UNCONSCIOUS LAYERS
THE PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS HOUSES MATERIAL THAT IS NOT WITHIN ONE’S CONSCIOUS AWARENESS BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN REPRESSED. PORTION OF THE UNCONSCIOUS CORRESPONDING ROUGHLY TO FREUD’S ID.
THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS IS A STOREHOUSE OF LATENT MEMORIES INHERITED FROM OUR ANCESTRAL PAST.

31. JUNG’S ARCHETYPES
ARCHETYPES ARE EMOTIONALLY CHARGED IMAGES THAT HAVE UNIVERSAL MEANING
THEY APPEAR IN ART, LITERATURE, AND RELIGION

32. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Anima
Shadow

33. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
The male archetype
Anima
The female archetype
Shadow

34. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves
Anima
Shadow

35. INTROVERT VS. EXTROVERT
INTROVERT= INNER-DIRECTED, PREOCCUPIED WITH THE WORLD OF THEIR OWN THOUGHTS
EXTROVERT= INTERESTED IN OTHER PEOPLE & THINGS

36. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Jung’s principle of opposites portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion

37. Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology
Basic anxiety – An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment
Neurotic needs – Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme

38. See the chart on page 421 in your book
See the chart on page 421 in your book. 10 Neurotic Needs – Normal desires taken to the extreme.
6. Need for recognition or prestige.
Need for personal admiration.
Need for personal achievement.
Need for self-sufficiency and independence.
Need for perfection.
Need for affection and approval.
Need for a partner and dread of being left alone.
Need to restrict one’s life and remain inconspicuous.
Need for power or control over others.
Need to exploit others (take advantage of others for your own profit).

39. Karen Horney
3 patterns of attitudes and behavior that people use to deal with basic anxiety, either in a healthy way or in a neurotic way.
Moving toward others, against others, away from others.

40. Moving Toward Others
It is neurotic when a person needs constant reminders of love and approval.
These people need someone to help, to take care of, or someone for whom to “sacrifice” themselves.
They often feel victimized and become dependent.
See slide

41. Moving Against Others
Power and respect is earned by competing or attacking successfully.
They risk ending up “alone at the top.”
See slide

42. Moving Away From Others
It is neurotic when a person avoids others to protect themselves from imagined hurt or rejection (“I won’t make friends because they might hurt me.”)
In doing so, they close themselves off to intimacy and support and healthy relationships.
See slide

43. INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
ADLER FELT FREUD HAD GONE OVERBOARD IN CENTERING HIS THEORIES ON SEXUAL CONFLICTS
MORE IMPORTANT IS A STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY

44. COMPENSATION COMPENSATION INVOLVES EFFORTS TO OVERCOME DEFICIENCIES
INFERIORITY COMPLEX
OVERCOMPEN-SATION

45. ORDINAL POSITION
BIRTH ORDER IS A MAJOR FACTOR IN THE DEVELOP-MENT OF PERSONALITY
DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS FOR DIFFERENT SIBLINGS

46. Humanistic Theories Humanistic Theories include
Gordon Allport’s trait theory
Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing personality
Carl Roger’s fully functioning person

47. Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of Humanistic
Traits – Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions
Central traits form the basis of personality
Secondary traits include preferences and attitudes
Cardinal traits define peoples lives

48. Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality
Self-actualizing personalities – Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials

49. CARL ROGERS CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY
CCT PROVIDES A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT
IN CCT, THE CLIENT DETERMINES THE PACE & DIRECTION OF THERAPY

50. CARL ROGERS
ANXIETY IS CAUSED BY INCONSISTENCY (INCONGRUENCY) BETWEEN A PERSON’S SELF-CONCEPT AND REALITY.
HOW YOU PERCEIVE YOURSELF
FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON

51. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Phenomenal field – Our psychological reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings
Unconditional positive regard – Love or caring without conditions attached

52. Evaluating Humanistic Theories
Positive psychology – Movement within psychology focusing on the desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology

53. Cognitive Theories: Social Learning and Personality
Observational learning – Process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others
Reciprocal determinism – Process in which the person, situation and environment mutually influence each other

54. Reciprocal Determinism
Cognition
Environment
Behavior

55. Locus of Control
Locus of control – An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate

56. Current Trends in Personality Theory
Family systems theory
Cultural differences
Gender influences

57. What Persistent Patterns are Found in Personality?
Another approach describes personality in terms of stable patterns known as temperaments, traits, and types

58. What Patterns are Found in Personality?
Humors – Four bodily fluids that, according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance
Blood
Phlegm
Black Bile
Yellow Bile

59. Personality and Temperament
Temperament – Basic, pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and establish the tempo and mood of an individual’s behaviors
Type – Especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person’s personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people

60. Patterns in Personality
The “Big Five” traits
Openness to experience (closed mindedness)
Conscientiousness (carelessness)
Extraversion (introversion)
Agreeableness (negativity)
Neuroticism (emotional control)
Cattell identifies 16 personality factors

61. Assessing Traits NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
Reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests

62. Traits and the Person-Situation Debate
Person-situation controversy – Theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior

63. What “Theories” Do People Use to Understand Each Other?
People everywhere develop implicit assumptions (“folk theories”) about personality, but these assumptions vary in important ways across cultures

64. Implicit Personality Theories
Implicit personality theories – Assumptions about personality that are held by people to simplify the task of understanding others
Fundamental attribution error – Assumption that another person’s behavior (especially undesirable behavior) is the result of a flaw in the personality, rather than in the situation

65. Personality Across Cultures
Assumptions people make vary widely across cultures–depending especially on whether the culture emphasizes individualism or collectivism
Other cultural differences involve
Status of different age groups and sexes
Romantic love
Stoicism
Locus of control
Thinking vs. feeling
Attribution

66. End of Chapter 10