1. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

2. CHAPTER TEN:
PERSONALITY

3. Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality
How do psychologists define and use the concept of personality?
What do the theories of Freud and his successors tell us about the structure and development of personality?

4. Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality
Based on the idea that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control

5. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping The Unconscious Mind
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious
Part of the personality that contains memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which one is not aware
Motivates much of our behavior
Preconscious
Holds material easily brought to mind

6. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping The Unconscious Mind
Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego Id
Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality
Holds primitive drives
Pleasure principle

7. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping The Unconscious Mind
Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego
Ego
Strives to balance the desires of the id and the realities of the objective, outside world
Reality principle
“Executive” of personality

8. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping The Unconscious Mind
Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego
Superego
Represents the rights and the wrongs of society as taught and modeled by one’s parents, teachers, and other significant individuals
Includes the conscience

9. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping The Unconscious Mind
Freud’s Model of Personality
Figure 1 of Chapter 10

10. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping The Unconscious Mind
Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages
Individuals encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges
Failure to resolve conflicts at any stage can result in fixation

11. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping The Unconscious Mind
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Personality
Figure 2 of Chapter 10

12. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping The Unconscious Mind
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing its source from themselves and others
Repression

13. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping The Unconscious Mind
Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Figure 3 of Chapter 10

14. The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud
Jung’s Collective Unconscious
Common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our relatives, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past
Archetypes
Universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience

15. The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud
Horney’s Neo-Freudian Perspective
Women’s issues
First feminist psychologist
Suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships and depends particularly on the relationship between parents and child

16. The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud
Adler and the Other Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adler
Proposed that the primary human motivation is a striving for superiority in a quest for self-improvement and perfection
Inferiority complex
Describes situations in which adults have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority they developed as children
Erik Erikson
Anna Freud

17. Trait Approaches to Personality
What are the major aspects of trait, learning, social cognitive, biological and evolutionary, and humanistic approaches to personality?

18. Trait Approaches to Personality
Trait Theory
Seeks to explain, in a straightforward way, the consistencies in individuals’ behavior
Traits
Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations

19. Allport’s Trait Theory
Cardinal Trait
Single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities
Central Trait
Major characteristics of an individual
Secondary Trait
Affect behavior in fewer situations

20. Factor Analysis
Statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns
Factors
Combinations of traits
Cattell
Eysenck

21. Eysenck’s Three Dimensions of Personality
Factor Analysis
Eysenck’s Three Dimensions of Personality
Figure 4 of Chapter 10

22. The Big Five Factors of Personality
Openness to Experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

23. The Big Five Factors of Personality
The Big Five Personality Factors and Dimensions of Sample Traits
Figure 5 of Chapter 10

24. Learning Approaches B.F. Skinner’s Behaviorist Approach
States that personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns
Social Cognitive Approaches to Personality
Emphasize the influence of cognition as well as others’ behavior
Self-efficacy
Belief in one’s personal capabilities
Self-esteem
Encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations

25. Biological and Evolutionary Approaches
Suggest that important components of personality are inherited

26. Biological and Evolutionary Approaches
Genetic Influences on Personality
Figure 6 of Chapter 10

27. Humanistic Approaches
Emphasize people’s inherent goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning
Carl Rogers
Self-actualization
Self-concepts
Unconditional positive regard

28. Humanistic Approaches
Rogers’s Model of the Need for
Unconditional Positive Regard
Figure 7 of Chapter 10

29. Comparing Approaches to Personality
Summary of Five Approaches to Personality
Figure 8 of Chapter 10

30. Assessing Personality
How can we most accurately assess personality?
What are the major types of personality measures?

31. Psychological Tests
Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively
Reliability
The measurement consistency of a test
Validity
When a test measures what it is designed to measure
Norms
Standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person’s score with the scores of others

32. Self-Report Measures of Personality
Ask people about a relatively small sample of their behavior
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -2 (MMPI-2)
Test standardization

33. Projective Measures Projective Personality Tests Rorschach test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

34. Behavioral Assessment
Direct measures of an individual’s behavior designed to describe characteristics indicative of personality

35. Assessing Personality Assessments
Understand what the test claims to measure
Base no decision only on the results of any one test
Remember that test results are not always accurate