1. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN URBAN TRANSPORT (PART 1) Eddy Versonnen eddy.versonnen@kdg.be KdG University College Antwerp

2. ECO - SCORE ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR * Well to Wheel * Definition Eco - score School name KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

3. ECO - SCORE ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR * Well to Wheel * Definition Eco - score KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

4. AIR QUALITY AIR QUALITY OF ENGINES - REGULATED EMISSION COMPONENTS - EUROPEAN EMISSION STANDARDS - REDUCTION OF THE EMISSION COMPONENTS * CATALYTIC CONVERTOR (GASOLINE ENGINES) * EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES) * DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER (DIESEL ENGINES) KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

5. AIR QUALITY REGULATED EMISSION COMPONENTS: * CO (Carbon Monoxide) * HC (Hydrocarbons) * NO X (Oxides of Nitrogen) * PM (Particulate Matter: for Diesel Engines) THE WAY TO REDUCE THOSE COMPONENTS: * Combustion Process Improvement * After - treatment of the exhaust gases AIR QUALITY OF ENGINES KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

6. AIR QUALITY OF ENGINES - European Emission Standards for Passenger Cars KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

7. AIR QUALITY OF ENGINES - REDUCTION OF THE EMISSION COMPONENTS (GASOLINE ENGINES): CATALYTIC CONVERTOR * A Closed Loop Three Way Catalytic Converter converts  Carbon Monoxide (CO)  Hydrocarbons (HC)  Nitrogen Oxides (NO X ) into non toxic secondary components. (conversion ratio > 90 %) * Closed Loop means that the Catalytic Assembly comprises a Lambda Sensor and Electronic controlled Mixture Formation. KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

8. AIR QUALITY OF ENGINES - REDUCTION OF THE EMISSION COMPONENTS (GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES): EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) * Part of the Exhaust Gas is recirculated to the Combustion Chamber. * Purpose: Reduction of the Combustion Temperature. * Reason: The higher the Combustion Temperature, the more Nitrogen Oxygen ( NO X ) is produced. KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

9. AIR QUALITY OF ENGINES - REDUCTION OF THE EMISSION COMPONENTS (GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES): EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) * In Gasoline Engines, a maximum of 3-5 % can be recirculated to support the Catalytic Convertor. More Exhaust Gas Recirculation gives a lack of Oxygen. * EGR is very important for Diesel Engines, where 20% of the Exhaust can be recirculated. KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

10. AIR QUALITY OF ENGINES - REDUCTION OF THE EMISSION COMPONENTS (GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES): DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER (DPF) * To remove Diesel Particulate Matter (PM) (Soot) from the Exhaust Gas of Diesel Engines. * Filter Regeneration:  through the use of a catalyst. (passive)  through a Fuel Burner, which heats the Filter to Soot Combustion.  through Engine Modifications: the engine is set to run in a specific way to heat the exhaust gasses KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

11. ECO - SCORE ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR * Definition Eco - score * Well to Wheel KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

12. AIR QUALITY GREENHOUSE EFFECT - THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT - GREENHOUSE GASES - DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS - USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS - USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS - WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY - HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

13. AIR QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen Burning fossil fuels: C+O 2  CO 2 emission

14. AIR QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen World population Year

15. AIR QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen Prognoses: the CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere for the next 100 years will be much higher than it was for the last 440.000 years!

16. AIR QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen CO 2 – Greenhouse Effect: ‘Isolating’ cover around the world

17. AIR QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen 1990-2000 was the warmest decade for the last 1000 years Next decades will even be warmer

18. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen EFFECT ON THE POLAR ICE 1973 2003

19. AIR QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen EFFECT ON THE CLIMATE ‘ humid regions’ get more rain ‘dry regions’ get less rain

20. R EFFECT ON THE BIODIVERSITY QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen Approximate 10-15% of the species of animals can die out in the next 30 years Coral reefs are already dying out

21. AIR QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen EFFECT ON THE CLIMATE Ocean flows may change → Worldwide climate changes

22. AIR QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen Example: Human beings definitely influence the climate. 9/11: no air traffic in the US for 3 days The difference in temperature between day and night rises The exhaust gasses of the airplanes form an isolating cover around the world EFFECT ON THE CLIMATE

23. AIR QUALITY GREENHOUSE EFFECT - THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT - GREENHOUSE GASES - DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS - USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS - USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS - WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY - HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

24. AIR QUALITY GREENHOUSE GASES - CO 2 (77%) (CARBON DIOXIDE) - CH 4 (14%) (METHANE) - N 2 O (8%) (NITROUS OXIDE) - CFC (1%) (CHLORINE, FLUORINE, CARBON) * About 19% of the EU’s CO 2 Emissions come from Passenger Cars and light Commercial Vehicles. KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

25. AIR QUALITY GREENHOUSE GASES * EU-Targets for decreesing CO 2 Emission: European Commission decided:  CO 2 Emission new Passenger Cars placed on the market from 1 january 2012 has to be reduced to 130 g/km.  As of 2020: average Emissions < 95 g CO 2 /km  Long term targets 2025: average Emissions < 70 g CO 2 /km * Now: the average Emissions = 160 g CO 2 /km KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

26. AIR QUALITY GREENHOUSE EFFECT - THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT - GREENHOUSE GASES - DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS - USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS - USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS - WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY - HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

27. * Reduction of Driving Resistance (Air Drag + Rolling Resistance) * Increase of efficiency (Transmission, Auxiliaries) * Increase of the engine efficiency * Hybrid Vehicle Technology * Fuel Cells DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

28. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: HYBRID VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY Hybrid Vehicles use: * A rechargeable Energy Storage System  Battery Module  Capacitor Module * A Fuel powered Power Unit  Internal Combustion Engine  Fuel Cell for propulsion KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

29. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: HYBRID VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY Advantages of Hybrid Drive Systems: * Use of the benefits of Electric Drive Systems  Regenerative Braking  No stationary Fuel Consumption * Reduce the dynamic use of the Combustion Engine  Reduction of Fuel Consumption  Optimal Working Conditions in a small Area KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

30. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: HYBRID VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY The Efficiency of an Internal Combustion Engine:  High Efficiency in a small Area KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

31. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: HYBRID VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY Series Hybrid Drive.  The wheels are propelled by the Electric Motor.  The power to drive the Electric Motor is produced by: - the battery - the generator KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

32. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: HYBRID VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY Series Hybrid City Bus  Small Diesel Engine (3000 cc)  Reduction Fuel Consumption 30% KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

33. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: HYBRID VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY Parallel Hybrid Drive.  The Electric Motor and the ICE are linked  Both Power Sources can propel the Wheels - Engine assist - Regenerative braking - Engine stop KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

34. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: HYBRID VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY Parallel Hybrid: Toyota Prius  on the market from 1997  Emission: 104 g CO 2 /km KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

35. * Reduction of Driving Resistance (Air Drag + Rolling Resistance) * Increase of efficiency (Transmission, Auxiliaries) * Increase of the engine efficiency * Hybrid Vehicle Technology * Fuel Cells DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

36. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: FUEL CELLS Convert Chemical Energy into Electric Energy. Efficiency: 50% to 80% KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen heat

37. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: FUEL CELLS Fuel Options: * Hydrogen Fuel Cell  the most suitable Fuel  Exhaust = H 2 O * Other Fuels:  Methanol Fuel Cell  Fuel Cell with Reformer (reforming CNG, Methanol or Gasoline into Hydrogen) KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

38. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: FUEL CELLS 100% Fuel Cell Drive  All power provided by the Fuel Cell  Large Fuel Cell, working dynamic  Fuel Cell Vehicle = Electric Vehicle KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

39. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: FUEL CELLS Fuel Cell - Hybrid Drive  A battery or Capacitors provides short term bursts of power for acceleration or hill climbing  Regenerative braking  Smaller Fuel Cell KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

40. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: FUEL CELLS Fuel Cell - Power - unit KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

41. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: FUEL CELLS Fuel Cell - Powered Vehicles KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

42. AIR QUALITY GREENHOUSE EFFECT - THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT - GREENHOUSE GASES - DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS - USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS - USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS - WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY - HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

43. USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS: - LPG (Liquified Petrol Gas) * Low Pressure Liquified Gas mixture (7 to 8 bar)  Propane  Butane * Conventional Internal Combustion Engine * Bi - Fuel Vehicle if the Gasoline Tank stays * 9,5 % less CO 2 Emission than Gasoline * 10 million LPG Vehicles running world - wide KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

44. USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS: - CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) * High Pressure Compressed Gas (200 to 250 bar)  Mainly composed of Methane * Conventional Internal Combustion Engine * Bi-Fuel Vehicle if the Gasoline Tank stays * 20,6 % less CO 2 Emission than Gasoline  15 % less CO 2 Emission than Diesel  90 % less NO X Emission than Diesel  90 % less Particulate Mass than Diesel  The least Emissions of all Fossil Fuels * 5 million CNG Vehicles running world - wide KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

45. USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS: - LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) * Low Pressure Liquified Natural Gas mixture (2 to 15 bar)  Mainly composed of Methane * Stored in the Tank at Temperature of -150 to -115 °C * Takes 4 times less Volume than CNG * Conventional Internal Combustion Engine * Same reduction of the Emissions as CNG Tank KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

46. END OF PART ONE KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen