1. Alternative Fuel and Vehicles
Eco Commerce Models
Alternative Fuel and Vehicles
Banu Sizirici
Edward Voronko
Vijay Kumar Rayabharapu

2. Contents Eco Commerce Alternative Fuel Vehicles Hybrid
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Electric Cars
Solar Powered cars
LPG vehicles
NGV
Alternative Fuels
Conclusions

3. Eco Commerce
Eco commerce is a business, investment, and technology-development model that employs market based solutions to balance the world’s energy needs and environmental integrity.

4. Eco Commerce Models ‘Alternative Fuels and Vehicles’
the world’s transportation systems are 96% dependent on petroleum products.
alternative fuels are derived from resources other than petroleum.
produced domestically,
reduce our dependence on imported oil,
produce less pollution than gasoline or diesel.
utilize energy more efficiently

5. Impact on environment The impact of the gasoline cars in U.S
80% of carbon dioxide emissions,
50% of nitrogen oxides,
40% of volatile organic compounds (VOC).
the impact on global air quality
human health
global climate change

6. Alternative Fuel Cars Pure battery-electric vehicles
Hydrogen Fuel Cell electric vehicles
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
Motor vehicles powered by ethanol and bio-diesel

7. Pure battery-electric vehicles
Advantages
No emission
70% fewer moving parts than combustion engine cars.
Higher energy efficiency
Disadvantages
Cost, Range ($60,000-$70,000)
Large amount of batteries

8. Hydrogen Fuel Cell electric vehicles
Advantages
Emissions are heat and water vapor.
Higher energy efficiency
Disadvantages
Cost (Avg. $1,000,000)
High cost to produce Hydrogen
Hydrogen Containment
High cost of building new Hydrogen Fueling stations

9. Hydrogen Vehicles

10. Conventional hybrid electric vehicles
Use both gasoline and electricity
Smaller stack of batteries.
Smaller electric motor than plug-in hybrid.

11. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
Advantages
40% less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional cars.
Batteries can be charged from regular household electric outlets.
High energy efficiency
Disadvantages
Batteries (Ni/MH batteries lasted 2,000-3,000 cycles meaning that a pack should last 130, ,000 miles in plug-in hybrids or electric vehicles )
High cost. (Avg. $4,000 – $6,000 more than conventional )

12. Vehicle Emissions Comparison
Conventional hybrid cars reduce CO2 emissions by 29%.
Plug-in hybrid cars reduce CO2 emissions by 40%.
Electric cars reduce CO2 emissions by 46%.

13. Hybrid & Conventional Car Emissions

14. Toyota Prius Series – parallel hybrid.
Allowing the gasoline engine to drive the wheels or to be disconnected.
Toyota Prius needs 2 gal. To go 100 miles.
Average car needs 5 gal. Of gasoline to go 100 mile.
Energy equivalent 1 gal. Of gasoline = 34 kWh .

15. Honda Insight Parallel hybrid car .
Parallel hybrid do not allow electric – only propulsion
Requires 1.6 gal. To travel 100 miles.

16. Solar Powered Cars
A solar car is an ultra-efficient vehicle that is powered primarily by sunlight.

17. Some Types Of Solar Cars

18. Solar Powered Cars cont,
Advantages
Inexhaustible fuel source Vehicles.
No pollution.
Very cheaper way of transportation.
Disadvantages
Not Really Safe to drive on Roads.
Only areas of the world with lots of sunlight are suitable for solar powered vehicles.

19. Natural Gas Vehicles 2007 Civic GX NGV
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recognized the natural-gas Civic GX as the cleanest internal-combustion vehicle on Earth

20. Advantages they reduce environmentally harmful emissions.
natural-gas vehicles can achieve up to a 93 % reduction in CO emissions,
33 % reduction in oxides of nitrogen
50 % reduction in reactive HC
costs are lower than gasoline.

21. Disadvantages NGVs is not as roomy as gasoline cars.
limited driving range of NGVs, which is typically about half that of a gasoline-powered vehicle.
natural gas, like gasoline, is a fossil fuel and cannot be considered a renewable resource.

22. Ethanol Vehicles
Ethanol vehicles designed to operate on E85 (a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) are called Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVs).
FFVs are “flexible” because you can fill them up with E85, regular gasoline or a combination of the two.
Ford Crown Victoria FFV
Nissan Armada 2WD

23. Advantages Hassle-free driving. Easy to refuel. Ethanol is renewable.
Ethanol cars are as good as gasoline vehicles.
E85 Vehicles Are Eco-Friendly .

24. Disadvantages
Fuel Efficiency-E85 reduces fuel economy by about 20 percent
Availability-It may be difficult to find a gas station that carries E85.
Limited Selection

25. LPG VEHICLES
Volvo S/V40
Rover 45
Vauxhall Zafira 
Volvo V70 

26. Advantages
A vehicle powered by LPG produces less harmful emissions - making it the cleaner, greener option.
Driving an LPG vehicle is safe, easy and, best of all, much cheaper than petrol or diesel.
Driving on LPG is virtually the same as driving a petrol or diesel car. And engine noise is around 50% lower with LPG than it is with diesel.

27. Disadvantages Not very safe way of fuel in to Account
Less readily available than gasoline & diesel
Fewer miles on a tank of fuel

28. Alternative Fuels Biodiesel
Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel,
produced from domestic, renewable resources.
Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but can be blended with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel

29. How is Biodiesel Made? Biodiesel fuel is esterification process,
55% of the biodiesel industry use any fat or oil feedstock,( recycled cooking grease)
45% can use vegetable oil (soy oil)

30. Biodiesel Compared to Petroleum Diesel
Advantages
Domestically produced from non-petroluem, renewable resources
Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones
Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides) and greenhouse gases
Biodegradable
Non-toxic
Safer to handle
Disadvantages
currently more expensive
involve additional land use
gives out more nitrogen oxide emissions
require special management for Transportation & storage
less suitable for use in low temperatures
impact on engine durability

31. Electricity
Electricity can be used as a transportation fuel to power battery electric and fuel cell vehicles.

32. Advantages & Disadvantages of Electricity
clean, cheap, safe and a convenient source of energy
no tailpipe emissions
lower maintenance costs
more efficient
Disadvantages
more expensive than gasoline
electric vehicles are not completely "emission-free
More power plants and more pollution

33. Ethanol
Ethanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops that have been converted into simple sugars.
Feedstocks :corn, barley, and wheat.
If used trees and grasses is called bioethanol.
Ethanol increase octane and improve the emissions quality of gasoline.
E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline
E10: 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline
Ethanol can be blended with gasoline to create E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline

34. Advantages & Disadvantages of E85
Domestically produced, reducing use of imported petroleum
Lower emissions of air pollutants
More resistant to engine knock
Added vehicle cost is very small
Disadvantages
Can only be used in flex-fuel vehicles
Lower energy content, resulting in fewer miles per gallon
Limited availability
Currently expensive to produce

35. Natural Gas
Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane,
It is also clean burning and produces significantly fewer harmful emissions than reformulated gasoline or diesel

36. Advantages & Disadvantages of Natural Gas
Nearly 87% of U.S. natural gas used is domestically produced
60-90% less smog-producing pollutants
30-40% less greenhouse gas emissions
Less expensive than gasoline
Disadvantages
Limited vehicle availability
Less readily available than gasoline & diesel
Fewer miles on a tank of fuel

37. Propane (LPG)
Propane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a clean-burning fossil fuel that can be used to power internal combustion engines

38. Advantages & Disadvantages of LPG
Fewer toxic and smog-forming air pollutants
85% of LPG used in U.S. comes from domestic sources
Less expensive than gasoline
Disadvantages
No new passenger cars or trucks commercially available (vehicles can be retrofitted for LPG)
Less readily available than gasoline & diesel
Fewer miles on a tank of fuel
The LPG is stored in high-pressure fuel tanks, so separate fuel systems are needed

39. Hydrogen
Hydrogen Hydrogen (H2) is being aggressively explored as a fuel for passenger vehicles.
It can be used in fuel cells to power electric motors or burned in internal combustion engines

40. Advantages & Disadvantages of Hydrogen
Produced Domestically
no air pollutants or greenhouse gases
Disadvantages
currently expensive to produce
only available at a handful of locations, mostly in California
difficult to store enough hydrogen onboard

41. Conclusions
Alternative fuel cars generate less pollution than conventional cars.
Based on cost the hydrogen and the electric cars are the most expensive cars.
Electric engine is more energy efficient than conventional combustion engine.
Production of electricity leads to more air pollution
The more environmental friendly is not always the more economical.
As a eco commerce model, solution should balance the world’s energy needs and environmental integrity.

42. Questions