1. Part 1: Reconstruction Part 2: “New” South and “Old” West Dr. Kevin B. Witherspoon Lander University

2. The Destruction of the War

3. Presidential Reconstruction HAbraham Lincoln H Wartime acts H Emancipation Proclamation* HWar still in doubt HFugitive slaves HSlaves boost Confed. Cause HNorthern morale HPublic opinion HFrance and Britain HMorality

4. Presidential Reconstruction HLincoln - 10% Plan* H 10% loyalty oath H Abolish slavery H Northern opposition HWade-Davis Bill* H50% Ironclad oath H13th Amendment

5. Presidential Reconstruction HAndrew Johnson* H General pardon H Col. M.F. Pleasants* H Voting = state issue H Secession illegal H Repudiate Confed. debt H Abolish slavery

6. Black Codes* HWhy? H Control H Disregard federal govt. H Fear black retaliation H Labor supply H Racism HExamples: H Freedmen no testify vs. whites H Vagrancy laws H Taxes H Whipped H Blacks called “servant”, whites called “master”

7. Johnson’s declining popularity HMemphis riot* HDisputes with Congress H Freedmen’s Bureau H Civil Rights bill §1866 14th Amendment HCitizenship for all persons - regardless of race - born or naturalized in US H“Swing Around the Circle”*, 1866

8. Congressional Reconstruction HRadical Republicans H Who were they? HThaddeus Stevens, PA HCharles Sumner, MA H What were their goals? HProtection of freedmen and supporters HFull citizenship of freedmen HWin conservative support HSome extreme views HStrip Southerners of citizenship HConfiscate land

9. Congressional Reconstruction HThe Stevens Plan* H Federal officials supervise elections H Blacks vote H Whites stripped of citizenship

10. Congressional Reconstruction H1867 Congressional Reconstruction Act H 5 military districts H Military make arrests, trials H Military directs constitutions H Not extremely radical

11. Johnson Impeachment HImpeachment of Johnson H Radical crusade HFailure: H Bring down presidential office H Lack of clear crime H Successor = Ben Wade H Lawyers H Johnson quiet

12. Reconstruction Laws & Acts §1870 15th Amendment l Forbade states to deny any citizen the right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

13. Decline of the Radicals HSmall in number HJohnson quiet HRadicals divided HTrouble staying in office HDeath HU.S. Grant H Scandals: political appointments, favors to businessmen and railroads

14. New Leadership in the South HGrant presidency H Northern military H Freedmen’s Bureau H Carpetbaggers, scalawags, black politicians H 1870, Union restored HBlack politicians H 22 Congressmen H Too few for great impact

15. New Leadership in the South HCarpet-baggers* H Northerners in the South HInvestment HTeachers HMinisters HScalawags* H Southern Republicans HJoin party in power HOpportunistic HAgreed with Republicans on one or more issues HUnionists before war

16. Republican Reconstruction HPositive aspects: H Public education H Efficiency of government H Public buildings, roads, manufacturing H Social services (orphanages, hospitals, welfare) H Capital/investment H Political democracy

18. What do freedmen want? HLand HA home HA job HMoney HEducation HFamily HLegal marriage HA new name

19. The Adjustment to Freedom HFreedmen’s Bureau* H Gen. O.O. Howard* H Food H Hospitals H Reuniting families H Dealing with the law

20. The Adjustment to Freedom HFreedmen’s Bureau* H Labor HSharecropping* HOther work HPoor whites H Land HAmnesty Act HSouthern Homestead Act* HAmerican Missionary Association*

21. The Adjustment to Freedom HWhy education? H Opportunity H Self improvement H Equality H Freedom H Forbidden fruit H Livelihood H Read the Bible

22. The Adjustment to Freedom HEducation H Freedmen’s Bureau schools H AMA HEducation for who? HInstruction HOpposition

23. The Adjustment to Freedom HFreedmen’s Bureau, accomplishments H 20 million rations H reunited families H provided land, housing, materials H resettled 30,000 refugees H built 40 hospitals and schools H provided teachers, books, supplies H protected freedom and rights

24. The Adjustment to Freedom HThe Black Church H Social center H Training H Leadership H Education H Black pride H Entertainment, theater

25. The white response HSocial order overturned HFear H Losing land, homes, jobs H Black violence H Their women H Purity of white race HBlack codes HViolence and intimidation

26. Ku Klux Klan* HPulaski, TN 1866 HRacial violence HDisgust with Rep. Reconstruction HRacism HHardened by Civ. War HFear of change HNo fear of punishment HEconomic hardship HVengeance for War HMob mentality HSend a message HAnonymity

27. Ku Klux Klan HWhat was a crime to the Klan? HBlacks acquiring property or power HTeaching blacks HWitnessing a Klan crime HVoting HBlacks in politics HKlan influence 1865- 1872 HKKK Act, 1871

28. Republican Reconstruction HDecline 1870s H Other concerns H Corruption, depression H“Compromise of 1877” H Dem. – Samuel J. Tilden, NY H Rep. – Rutherford B. Hayes, OH H Hayes wins, 185-184 H Republicans withdraw N support HLegacy of Reconstruction H “America’s unfinished revolution”

29. The New South HManufacturing HThe countryside H King Cotton? H The planter aristocracy H The labor force HCivil War nostalgia H Veterans H “Waving the Bloody Shirt” H Pensions H Memorial Day

30. The American West §Ante-bellum movement l 1848, 100,000 W of Miss. l 1860, 400,000 §Gold Rush l 1848 l 1849: 89,000 to CA 41,000 by sea; 43,000 by land l Risky: scrabbling theft price gouging competition luck

31. Settling the West §Mining towns H Prospectors H Boom towns H Vigilante action H Territorial government H Big business HPike’s Peak, 1858 HBoom towns HOregon, WA

32. Railroads HCommunication boom: H John Butterfield, coaches H William H. Russell, “Pony Express” H1861, Central Pacific HTrans-continental RR H Charles Crocker H May 10, 1869 - Promontory Point

33. The Great Plains HMovement west H Eastern lands tired H Cities booming H Crime, politics H No opportunities H Immigrants H Southern blacks HHomestead Act 1862

34. The Great Plains HCattle industry H vaqueros H Increase in $$ H Cheap land H Feed free H Railroads H Cattle drives H 1866-1886: 6 mil. Cattle H Stampedes H Indians H Cow-towns

35. The Great Plains HThe “Code of the West”: HPersonally redress wrongs HStand ground HAvenge insult HGun = weapon of choice HNo shoot women or unarmed men HMan’s word = bond HHandshake = contract HHorse stealing unforgivable HStrangers treated kindly HViolence H 1866-1900: 20,000 dead

36. The Great Plains HThe cattle bonanza, 1870s-80s HBuffalo almost gone HIndians almost gone HPopulation boom HForeigners H James S. Brisbin HBarbed wire HWinter 1885-86 HSheep

37. The Great Plains HLife on the plains H Problems: HIsolation HLack of resources HGrasshoppers HWeather HForbidding landscape HDebt HThe Grange H (National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry)

38. Indian Policy after the War HAnte-bellum policy HInfluence of the western settlers HBuffalo

40. Indian Policy after the War HFort Laramie Treaty 1851 H $50,000/year for safe passage HIndian wars, 1854-1890 H High Forehead HFort Lyon massacre 1864 H John Chivington* H1876 Little Bighorn, wars H1887 Dawes Act

41. Indian Policy after the War §Continued resistance: H Apaches H The Ghost Dance HWovoka HWounded Knee