1. Roman Architecture and Art Mr. Nikolov

2. 1. Roman Architecture The Roman architecture is utilitarian, practical, because the Romans are pragmatic in spirit. Most of the Roman buildings are for civil use, not religious. Romans invented materials and construction techniques that allow them to build multi-storey buildings – concrete, brick and the arch. Ceramic is the most durable material in the world. Indoor plumbing, hypocaust heating. Roman engineers no longer depend on the landscape, they can alter it to their needs.

3. A. Roman Utilities Aqueducts – using arcades to deliver water to cities from mountain sources. Bridges – permanent crossings of rivers. Roads – for army use and trade. Amphitheaters – for mass entertainment, not culture or arts. They have 2 parts – Theatron for spectators and Arena for performance. No religious significance. Baths – community centers with attached library, gym, swimming pool, spa and conference rooms

4. Roman Aqueducts

5. Another aqueduct

6. The Coliseum

7. Circus Maximus

8. Via Appia

10. Roman bridge in Spain

11. Roman Bath

12. Roman bath

13. B. Political Architecture The Forum – center of public life and trade. The largest is the Forum of Trajan. Rectangular shaped with public buildings around it. Second forum build by Constantine I in Constantinople. The Triumphal Arch – built by Emperors as a symbol of Victory in war. Oldest is the Arch if Titus. Last is the Arch of Constantine the Great. They have inscription about the event – primary source. Usually built near the Forum. The obelisk – precedes the arch, same meaning

14. Forum in Rome

15. Arch of Constantine

16. C. Private Architecture The Roman house – accommodates the extended family. Comfort and durability. Well decorated – mosaics, wall paintings. The Roman villa – a cottage in the country or by the sea, eventually some of them developed into country estates.

17. Roman house

18. House in Pompeii

19. Villa Adrianna

20. D. The Roman temples Roman temples were built close to the forum. Religion was a very public function in Rome. Temples accommodate several gods. Emperor Hadrian built the temple of all gods – Pantheon. Romans often built round temples accessible trough only one door. Some have internal atrium. Greek columns were borrowed, but the orders were mixed; often only decorative. Christian basilicas were build in the 4 th and 5 th centuries – have the shape of a cross.

21. The Pantheon

23. Roman basilicas

24. The Roman Art Same as architecture, art is practical, realistic, used entertainment, not religion. Etruscan terracotta statues, mostly on sarcophagus – memorial for the deceased. Republican art – bronze portraits, realistic. Legends – Capitoline She-Wolf, marble and bronze copies of Greek originals (gods and heroes). Simple paintings. Imperial art – more idealized images, marble portraits of emperors and empresses, historical relief, mosaics, and wall painting (Pompeii). Much more nudity than in Greek art. Scenes from mythology or leisure, not sports. Local influences in the provinces (e.g. Faiyum portraits).

25. Etruscan Terracotta

26. Portraits of Caesar

27. Romulus and Remus

28. Portraits of Augustus

29. Claudius and Nero

30. Trajan and Hadrian

31. Marcus Aurelius

32. Constantine the Great

33. Relief – Column of Trajan and Arch of Trajan

34. Mosaics - Pompeii

35. Wall paintings - Pompeii

36. More Pompeii

37. Faiyum Portraits

38. Christian Art