1. SUMMATIVE REVIEW GRAMMAR SUMMARY

2. PARA EMPEZAR Present tense: o, as, a, amos, an; o, es, e, emos, en; o, es, e, imos, en Reflexive verbs: pronouns go before verb (me, te, se, nos, se) Stem-changing verbs: (o-ue, e-ie, e-i) – all forms change except for nosotros Verbs like gustar: only 2 forms to use (-a, -an); must use an IOP in front (me, te, le, nos, les); look at “a phrase” to determine IOP Possessive adjectives: go before the noun and match in gender and number; mi, tu, su, nuestro, su 2

3. CAPÍTULO 1 Preterite: (é, aste, ó, amos, aron; í, iste, ió, imos ieron) spelling change: i – y in 3 rd person singular and plural only (destruir, oír, leer, creer, construir, incluir, etc.) irregular: no accents on endings (e, iste, o, imos, ieron); (decir, traer, andar, estar, tener, saber, ir/ser, etc.) stem-changing: e – i, o – u in 3 rd person singular and plural only (-ir stem- changers) Imperfect: (aba, abas, aba, ábamos, aban; ía, ías, ía, íamos, ían) – only 3 irregulars (ir, ser, ver) 3

4. CAPÍTULO 2 Preterite vs. Imperfect: Preterite: completed actions, specific time/number of times, series of events Imperfect: repeated actions, non-specific time/number of times, ongoing actions Estar + participle: participle ends with –ado or –ido (typically) and matches in gender and number with noun it describes. Used with form of estar. Ser vs. estar: Ser: DOCTOR E Estar: PLACE Verbs with special meanings in preterite: conocer – met for 1 st time; saber – found out; poder – managed to; querer – tried to; no querer – refused to 4

5. CAPÍTULO 3 Tú commands: affirmative: use 3 rd person present tense negative: YoDA Ud. / Uds. Commands: YoDA Commands with pronouns: affirmative: attach pronoun to end, count back 3 vowels, add accent negative: pronoun goes before verb Subjunctive – YoDA irregular – DISHES stem-changing – only –ir changes in nosotros (e-i, o-u) 5

6. CAPÍTULO 4 Subjunctive: must have 3 parts to sentence – trigger, que, change of subject; if all 3 not present, use infinitive Por vs. para: por – length of time, communication, transportation, place where action takes place, fixed expressions para – in order to, deadline, recipient of action Nosotros commands – YoDA; pronouns are attached if affirmative Possessive pronouns – (definite article + long form possessive adjective); agrees in gender and number with noun that is replaced 6

7. CAPÍTULO 5 Present perfect – (form of haber + past participle) – participles typically end with –ado or –ido (when used with haber, participles do not change gender or number) 7

8. CAPÍTULO 6 Future tense: add endings to whole infinitive; all endings are accented except nosotros 8