1. Comparative Models of Urban Systems

2. Purpose of Urban Models
To understand why cities are spatially organized in various ways, geographers have developed models that explain and predict the internal structures of cities.
Most focus on patterns of internal growth in U.S. cities.

3. Central Business District
Land use models possess a CBD.
Central Business District: Original core of the economy, like the nucleus of a cell.
The degree of influence and geographic location of the CBD varies model to model.

4. Developed in the 1920s the concentric zone model was the first model to explain and predict urban growth.
Based on growth in Chicago
Developed by Ernest Burgess
Zones:
1. CBD
2. Light manufacturing
3. Blue Collar Workers
4. Middle Class
5. Suburban Ring
Dynamic: city grows; inner rings affect outer ones

5. Invasion and Succession
The Concentric Zone model assumes a process called invasion and succession (succession migration)
A series of migration waves, with one group moving in and establishing itself.
New arrivals to cities tend to move first into the inner rings, near the CBD.
Eventually people and economic activities in the center are pushed out into farther rings

6. Homer Hoyt (1939); criticized Burgess Model as too simple & inaccurate
Urban land use and growth are based on transportation routes and linear features like roads, canals, railroads, and major boulevards.
Not just concentric zones around the CBD.
Still has strong CBD
According to this model-
Many factories and industrial activities follow rail lines.
Lower socioeconomic housing follows lines of public transportation.
Sectors that service visitors are located along major highways.
ITS ALL ABOUT TRANSPORTATION

7. Multiple Nuclei Model
Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman (1945); neither of previous two models are accurate
CBD not as significant
Suggest growth occurred independently around several major focal points.
Separate nuclei become specialized and differentiated, not located in relation to any distance attribute

8. Suburban downtowns have become independent functioning “urban realms”
Developed to explain suburban regions that were functionally tied to mixed-use suburban downtowns with relative independence from the CBD.
Suburban downtowns have become independent functioning “urban realms”
All the amenities needed for living are now located in the suburban downtown.

9. Edge Cities
Self-Sufficient urban areas within a greater metropolitan complex.
Often develops on highway exits.
The development of edge cities paired with the growth of highways leads to explosive industrial growth referred to as urban sprawl.
Urban sprawl….the diffusion of urban land use and lifestyle into formerly nonurban, often agricultural lands.

10. Urban Realms (and Edge Cities) of Los Angeles

11. Writing Prompt In your journals respond to the following.
Can you see evidence of urban sprawl in Arizona?
How does urban sprawl impact the existence/importance of the Central Business District?