1. FRQ ► Part A: primate city is the largest city in a country AND is more than twice the size of the next largest. ► Rank-size rule: The nth largest settlement is 1/n of the largest. The third largest settlement is 1/3 of the largest. ► Mexico City is a primate city and does not follow the rank-size rule. ► Total: 3 points

2. Two positive effects of primate cities on economic development. (2points) ► ► Advantages of agglomeration of economic activity. ► ► Large market for goods and services. ► ► Ability to offer high-end goods and services (including education) because of larger threshold ► ► population. ► ► Advantages of enhanced flow of information and ideas in large population. ► ► Advantages of centralized transportation and communication network. ► ► Global trade opportunities; primate cities can compete on a global scale and attract foreign investment.

3. Two negative effects of primate cities on economic development. (2points) ► ► Unequal distribution of investments deters national economic development. ► ► Unequal economic and/or resource development. ► ► Unequal distribution of wealth and/or power. ► ► Transportation network (hub and spoke) prevents equal accessibility to all regions. ► ► Impact of centrifugal forces and difficulties of political cohesion on economic development. ► ► Brain drain — migration and unequal distribution of education, entrepreneurship, opportunities. ► ► Negative externalities, e.g., unsustainable urbangrowth/slums/environmental impacts if these arerelated to economic development, e.g., burden on national economy to cope with problems.

4. City Models ► For US cities the city models deal with socioeconomic status – aka class. ► Upper class, middle class, lower class

5. Concentric Zone – Burgess Model

6. Bid Rent Theory

7. Burgess Model con’t. ► CBD is the center ► Everything is in relation to the CBD ► Based on Chicago in the early 1900’s ► Problem: many upper class/wealthy individuals are moving closer to the CBD in neighborhoods: ex. – Gold Coast, Lincoln Park

8. Sector Model – Homer Hoyt

9. Sector con’t. ► CBD is still the focal point of this model ► Zones extend along transportation routes ► Also based on Chicago ► This model describes Chicago much better than Burgess – specifically industrial sectors and high class residential

10. Multiple Nuclei – Harris and Ullman

11. Multiple Nuclei con’t. ► Suggest urban growth is independent of the CBD ► Airports and universities support the multiple nuclei model. How?

12. Maps of Indianapolis ► The following maps of Indianapolis reflect different data and all show a different spatial pattern that represents one of the previous models. Try to identify the model.

13. 13-10

14. 13-8

15. 13-9

16. Latin American City Model

17. Latin American model con’t ► Wealthiest push out in an elite sector in a narrow spine with amenities for the rich ► Squatter settlements are on the periphery

18. European Cities ► Most of the wealthy live close to the CBD – different from most American cities. ► As a result most live in small houses, townhouse, and condos. ► Where do most Europeans go for open space? ► Most cities were built before cars

19. Vondel Park, Amsterdam

20. Prague, Czech Republic

21. Copenhagen, Denmark