1. Organizing Life’s Diversity Classification

2. w ______________- system of grouping objects or information based on similarities. w ____________- study that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics. Classification Taxonomy

3. Classification of Plants and Animals According to Aristotle: Plants: (based on _______ and _______) 1._________ - plants with soft stems 2._________ - plants with several woody stems 3.______ plants with a single woody stem Animals (based on __________) 1.___________ - land 2._________ - water 3._________ - air size shape Herbs Shrubs Trees Habitat Terrestrial Aquatic Aerial History of Classification

4. History of Taxonomy: w ________________- 18th Century Swedish Naturalist, developed the modern system of scientific classification. w Focus was on similarities alone Carolus Linnaeous

5. ____________________-a two word naming system of classification. 1 st word = ______- identifies the genus of the organism; consists of a group of similar species. First word is ____________and _____________ 2 nd word = ________name – describes a characterisitic of the organism. It is often referred as the ____________. The first letter of this word is always ___________and ____________ Scientific name is Genus species name Example: Humans = Binomial Nomenclature Homo sapiens Genus Capitalizedunderlined Species lower-casedunderlined Specific epithet

6. __________ is the _________________________ it’s the language from which many words in science have been derivied; ______ language. -__________ provides the framework in which to study the relationships among living and extinct species Latin “universal language of scholars”; dead Taxonomy

7. Levels of Scientific Classification: 1. __________: Largest taxon of similar Phyla or divisions 2. __________: taxon of several similar Classes. Plant taxonomists use the taxon _____________ instead of phylum 3. __________: taxon of similar Orders 4. __________: taxon of similar Families 5. __________: taxon of similar Genera 6. __________: taxon of similar species 7. __________: a group of closely related organisms which have the ability to breed fertile offspring. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Divisions

8. Example of System of Classification: using Kingdom Animalia Diagram from Strauss and Liswski’s Biology: the Web of life, 1998.

9. History of Taxonomy: w ______________________ - based on identifying evolutionary relationships using evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data. ________- study of evolutionary history for a group of species ; shown as branching trees called _________ Modern System of Classification Phylogeny cladogram

10. Methods of Determining Relationships between Organisms: 1. Comparative _________- study of form 2. ________ behavior 3. Comparative __________ based on ___________ evidence. 4. Comparative __________ - genetically based 5. __________ distribution morphology Breeding development embryological biochemistry Geographical

11. Modern Taxonomy: __________- study of evolutionary history for a group of species ; shown as branching trees called phylogenetic tree __________________- is a visual model of the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms. _____________ - biological classification system based on phylogeny; assumes that as groups of organisms diverge and evolve from a common ancestral they retain derived traits. ____________ - a diagram or model that focuses on unique characteristics found in a particular group of species. ________________- a written set of choices that leads to the name of the organism. Phylogeny Dichotomous key Phylogenetic tree Cladistics cladogram

12. Phylogeny: shows the evolutionary history of a species. Diagram from Strauss and Liswski’s Biology: the Web of life, 1998.

13. Cladogram: a diagram that focuses on unique characteristics found in a particular group of species. Diagram 1 obtain from Cambell’s Biology 3 rd ed., 1993. Diagram 2 obtained from Holt’s Science TAKS Practice workbook, 2002.

14. Six - Kingdom System: all __________________ some are ________________;others are ___________ some autotrophs are ______________;others ___________________ 1._____________: include the “ancient” bacteria. -Live in extreme harsh environments -______________ - swamps -______________- deep-ocean vents -______________- extreme salty conditions 2._____________: include the “true” bacteria. - live in almost all habitats except those occupied by archeabacteria. -some cause disease and some are helpful Archaebacteria Eubacteria Kingdom Monera ( Archaebacteria and Eubacteria) Methanogens Thermophiles Halophiles heterotrophs Prokaryotes autotrophs photosynthetic chemosynthetic

15. Classification of Eubacteria: w Based on shape __________- round shape __________- rod shape __________- spiral shape w And Arrangement w ___________ - pairs w ___________ - chains w ___________ - clusters coccus bacillius spirillum Six - Kingdom System (cont.): diplo- strepto staphylo

16. 3. ______________: unicellular organisms, euglena, amoebas, diatoms, paramecium, and algae w 4. ______________: includes yeast, lichens, and mushrooms w 5. _______________: includes ferns, mosses, grass, flowering plants, cone-bearing plants, and trees w 6. _______________: includes humans, insects, mollusks, reptiles, and amphibians Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Six - Kingdom System (cont.):

17. Characteristics of the All Kingdoms Charact eristic: Monera (archaebacteria /eubacteria) ProtistaFungiPlantae Animalia Cell Type ProkaryoticEukaryotic Nucleus NoYes Cell Wall Yes Present in some Yes No # of cells UnicellularUnicellular/ multicellular Autotrophic Heterotropic Both Autotrophic Heterotrophic Locomotion Some No Yes