1. January 12, 2011 MOTIVATION HBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01 Winter 2011 Candace Genest, Ph.D.

2. Introduction ✤ Candace M. Genest, Ph.D. ✤ - Clinical Neuropsychologist ✤ - Graduate School of Psychology at Fuller Theological Seminary. She holds a Masters Degree in Christian Leadership and a Master of Arts in Psychology, also from Fuller. ✤ - Dr. Genest currently works in a group practice providing neuropsychological evaluation, cognitive rehabilitation, and individual psychotherapy.

3. Syllabus & Schedule ✤ Review: ✤ - Syllabus ✤ - Schedule ✤ - Assignments

4. Technology ✤ - E-mail ✤ - ftp Site ✤ - Library / Research resources

5. Definitions: ✤ Motivation ✤ Describes forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior ✤ Describe differences in intensity of behavior ✤ Persistence of behavior ✤ The “something” that triggers behavior

6. Wide & Varied Definitions: ✤ Activation ✤ Overt Responding - production of bx; can observe bx ✤ If no bx: motivation insufficient (not necessarily absent) ✤ Or - may not be an overt behavior / response ✤ Persistence - continued activation of bx ✤ However, if alternate bx available - persistence not always present ✤ Vigor - More energetic response suggests higher level motivation

7. Additional Characteristics: ✤ Directionality ✤ Index of motivational state

8. How do we measure it? ✤ Rarely direct ✤ Acts as an intervening variable to produce a change in bx ✤ Temporary ✤ When enough is present = behavior is performed ✤ When absent = behavior absent

9. Starting Points: ✤ Motivation vs. “Want to” ✤ Constant flow of behavior ✤ Can be directed in many different ways ✤ Genetically / Evolutionary ✤ Goal to sustain and maintain life ✤ Instincts - genetically motivated behavior

10. Instinct ✤ William James: 1890 - Instinct, emotion, and thought ✤ Instinct - what we now know as nervous system “built-ins” ✤ Bx differently when angry, sad, happy, etc. ✤ Cognitive processes (ideo-motor action) ✤ MacLean (1977) - triune brain ✤ Reptilian brain: Survival / Hardwired ✤ Paleomammalian brain: Emotional analysis ✤ Neuomammalian brain: External stimuli + thought

11. Categorizing Theories ✤ Nomothetic: abstract, universal principles (physio) ✤ Mechanistic: Internal / innate patterns; no control over activation ✤ Innate: instinct (bx / ethology) ✤ Internal: Needs / drives ✤ Idiographic: unique properties; (humanistic / actualization) ✤ Cognitive: interpret information in environment ✤ Acquired: (learning) ✤ External: goals/incentives Instinct: nomothetic, mechanistic, innate, internal/external Attribution: nomothetic, cognitive, acquired, internal/external

12. Approaches to Analysis ✤ Physiological ✤ EEG, PET, MRI ✤ Individual ✤ Self-report; observation of changes in behavior ✤ Social Analysis ✤ Group Behavior ✤ Philosophical ✤ Self-actualization; positive/aversive states

13. Terms & Constructs ✤ Energy: source & direction ✤ Physiological: brain structures ✤ Learning: Incentives /modeling ✤ Social Interaction: authority ✤ Cognitive: Info processing ✤ Activation: central receptors in brain; other means of triggering ✤ Homeostasis: maintaining optimal state ✤ Hedonism: approach pleasure and avoid pain ✤ Growth: reaching for full potential

14. Philosophers ✤ Aristotle ✤ Soul=free will; Mind=blank slate (nurture) ✤ Determinism (nature) ✤ Descartes - dualism; innate ideas / instincts ✤ Locke - ✤ Sensation / Perception / association of ideas