1. From Gene to Protein

2. Proteins Review  Accomplish most of the major cellular functions  Enzymes – catalyze reaction  Structural fibers (cytoskeleton, muscle fibers etc.)  Materials transport (hemoglobin carries oxygen, carrier proteins or channels in cell membranes etc.)  Hormones or signals (insulin etc.)  Pigments provide colors (chlorophyll, melanin)  Immune function (antibodies)

3. Protein Structure  Sequence of amino acids  Only 20 possibilities  The sequence is determined by genes (DNA)  Different proteins have different sequences and thus fold into very different 3-d shapes

4. From Gene to Protein  DNA is transcribed into RNA in the nucleus  RNA carries the code to ribosomes where the code is translated into a protein (polypeptide)

5. Where Ribosomes Are  Either in the cytosol (fluid of the cell)  Makes proteins for inside the cell  Or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum  Makes proteins to be shipped

6. Ribosomes in the Rough ER  Make proteins which then get wrapped in a membrane made by the ER  Known as a vesicle  Can be transported and kept separate from the cytosol

7. The Function of the Golgi  Vesicles from the ER usually go to the Golgi  Can be modified, tagged, sorted and shipped to a new location

8. Final Destination  Vesicle can take protein to any organelle or can form new organelle like a lysosome or vacuole  Can take protein to a membrane (organelle or plasma membrane)  Can expel protein outside of cell (i.e. into blood stream)

10. Chloroplast and Mitochondria  Are thought to have once been free-living bacteria  Somehow got taken in by a cell and began living with it, eventually becoming a part of  Called endosymbiosis  So they make some of their own proteins  Most genes have relocated to nucleus

11. Evidence for Endosymbiosis  Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar size to most bacteria  Contain their own DNA which has a similar structure to bacterial DNA  Contain their own ribosomes similar to bacterial ribosomes  Reproduce similarly to bacteria

12. Main Point  Genes code for traits by coding for proteins which have functions throughout the cell  Proteins go to different organelles and accomplish most functions of the cell

13. Cell Animation  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKW 4F0Nu-UY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKW 4F0Nu-UY  Way more in depth- made for Med School students – but helps visualize dynamic nature of cell and see some major organelles/activities

14. R.A.F.T. Assignment - Individual  R ole: Functional protein  A udience: A newly made protein either in an organelle or in the blood  F ormat: A written method of your choice (story, poem, song, cartoon etc.)  T opic: “The Talk” – telling the protein where it came from and how it got there.