1. Cell Types and Cell Structure

2. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
nucleus
membrane enclosed organelle
chromosomes in pairs
streaming in the cytoplasm
cell division by mitosis
complex flagella
larger ribosomes
complex cytoskeleton
cellulose in cell walls
DNA bound to histone proteins
no nucleus
no membrane enclosed organelles
single chromosome
no streaming in the cytoplasm
cell division without mitosis
simple flagella
smaller ribosomes
simple cytoskeleton
no cellulose in cell walls
no histone proteins

3. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Examples:
Bacteria
Examples:
Plant cells
Animal cells
Fungi
Protists

4. Cell Characteristics
Eukaryotic cells have a complex, highly organized internal structure that enables them to perform specific cellular processes.
Several organelles work together to make and process proteins.
Other organelles, such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts, supply energy for cells.

5. Cell membrane
Also known as the plasma membrane
Made of a double layer of phospholipids with proteins
embedded to assist with the transportation of molecules
Forms a boundary between the cytoplasm and the outside
of a cell and controls what enters and exits the cell

6. Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that provides internal structure and support for a cell.
There are three main types of fibers which form the cytoskeleton.
These fibers are made of proteins. The three types of fibers are:
Microtubules – long hollow tubes that give a cell its shape
Intermediate filaments – small fibers that give a cell its strength
Microfilaments – tiny threads that allow a cell to move and divide

7. Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance inside a cell that contains the cell
organelles. It is made mostly of water.
The fluid filled part of the cytoplasm is known as the
cytosol.

8. Stores and protects the genetic information, or DNA, of a cell.
Nucleus
Stores and protects the genetic information, or DNA, of a cell.
DNA is located in chromosomes inside the nucleus.
Is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, or nuclear membrane, that
contains pores that allow molecules to travel in and out of the
nucleus.
Contains the nucleolus which produces ribosomes for the cell.

9. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of thin folded
membranes that assists in the processing and transportation of
proteins and lipids.
Rough ER – Transports proteins (roughness is the attached ribosomes)
Smooth ER – Processes and transports lipids

10. Ribosomes
The site of protein synthesis (production).
Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus and can be found floating
freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the Rough ER.
Ribosomes are responsible for linking amino acids together to
form proteins.

11. Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Bodies, Golgi Complex)
Closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces
The spaces within the Golgi apparatus are where
proteins are processed, sorted and packaged.

12. Vesicles
Small membrane-bound sacs that isolate and transport
specific molecules

13. Mitochondria
Bean-shaped organelle made of an inner membrane,
comprised of many folds, and an outer membrane
Supplies energy for the cell in the form of ATP
Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and DNA, which
make them a unique organelle

14. Vacuole
Fluid-filled sac used for the storage of water, food molecules and
enzymes.
Animal cells contain multiple small vacuoles and plant cells contain
one large central vacuole which helps support the cell.
Vacuoles

15. Lysosomes
Organelle that contains enzymes that break down damaged or worn-out cell parts, breakdown large molecules, and protect cells from invading bacteria and viruses.
They are found in large numbers in animal cells.

16. Centrioles
Cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules
arranged in a circle. The centrioles are perpendicular
to each other and divide DNA during cell division.
Centrioles also organize microtubules to form cilia and
flagella (structures used for movement).

17. Chloroplasts Organelles that contain an outer membrane, as well as an
inner membrane that contains stacks of disc-shaped sacs
called thylakoids. The thylakoids contain chlorophyll and
perform photosynthesis.

18. Cell Wall
A rigid layer found in plant cells that provides protection, support
and shape to the cell.
In plants and algae the cell wall is made of cellulose (polysaccharide).
In fungi the cell wall is made of chitin.

19. Comparison: Plant cells Animal cells
Large, central vacuole
Chloroplasts
Rigid cell wall outside
of cell membrane
No large, central vacuole
No chloroplasts
No rigid cell wall