1. Section 1
Cellular Structure and Function
Cell Discovery and Theory
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other internal compartments
They do not contain membrane-bound organelles
Steven P. Lynch

2. Prokaryotic cells includes all bacteria
Section 1
Cellular Structure and Function
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic cells includes all bacteria
Prokaryotes contain only the following structures:
Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
Plasma membrane
Genetic material as a single circular molecule of DNA
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Plasmid (Small circular piece of DNA that only some bacteria possess)

3. Prokaryotic Cell Cell Discovery and Theory
Section 1
Cellular Structure and Function
Cell Discovery and Theory
Prokaryotic Cell

4. More complex structure than prokaryotes
Section 1
Cellular Structure and Function
Eukaryotic Cell
More complex structure than prokaryotes
In addition to the prokaryotic structures, eukaryotes also have membrane bound organelles, including a nucleus

5. Cell Discovery and Theory
Section 1
Cellular Structure and Function
Cell Discovery and Theory

6. Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Section 1
Cellular Structure and Function
Cell Discovery and Theory
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
The

8. Thin, flexible boundary between the cell and its environment
Section 1
Cellular Structure and Function
The Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
Thin, flexible boundary between the cell and its environment
Allows nutrients into the cell
Allows waste to leave the cell

9. Selective Permeability
Section 2
Cellular Structure and Function
The Plasma Membrane
Selective Permeability
The plasma membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it chooses what enters and leaves the cell

10. The plasma membrane is composed of the phospholipid bilayer.
Section 2
Cellular Structure and Function
The Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane is composed of the phospholipid bilayer.
A phospholipid molecule is composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group.

11. Section 2
Cellular Structure and Function
The Plasma Membrane

12. Section 2
Cellular Structure and Function
The Plasma Membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model
The phospholipid bilayer allows other molecules to “float” in the membrane.
Other Components
Proteins
Cholesterol
Carbohydrates

13. Transmit signals inside the cell Act as a support structure
Section 2
Cellular Structure and Function
The Plasma Membrane
Proteins
Transmit signals inside the cell
Act as a support structure
Provide pathways for substances to enter and leave

14. Section 2
Cellular Structure and Function

15. Plant and Animal Cell Structures
Section 3
Cellular Structure and Function
Structures and Organelles
Plant and Animal Cell Structures
Organelles are bodies within the cytoplasm that serve to physically separate the various metabolic reactions that occur within the cells
1. Nucleus 7. Mitochondria
2. Ribosomes 8. Chloroplasts
3. Endoplasmic reticulum 9. Cytoskeleton
4. Golgi Apparatus 10. Flagella & Cilia
5. Lysosomes Centrioles
6. Peroxisomes 12. Vacuoles & Vesicles

16. Structures and Organelles
Section 3
Cellular Structure and Function
Structures and Organelles

17. Structures and Organelles
Section 3
Cellular Structure and Function
Structures and Organelles

18. Nucleus
The nucleus is bounded by the nuclear envelope consisting a phospholipid bilayer, similar to the plasma membrane
The nucleus contains the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the heredity information of the cell
The nucleus is the brain of the cell
Cells

19. Nucleus
Also visible within the nucleus are one or more nucleoli, concentrations of DNA in the process of manufacturing the components of ribosomes
Cells

20. Ribosomes
Ribosomes are manufactured in the nucleus and consist of ribosomal RNA and protein
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes translate genetic information (DNA) into specific polypeptide chains & proteins
Cells

21. Endomembrane System
Composed of the same phospholipid bilayer as the cell membrane
They are membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells
Similar to the organs of our bodies
Endomembrane systems only occur in eukaryotic cells

22. Endomembrane System Components of the endomembrane system:
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria (has 2 lipid bilayers)
Chloroplasts (has 2 lipid bilayers)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Vesicles

23. Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum or ER, consists of stacks of flattened sacs of membrane
The best way to determine if the structure is the ER or Golgi apparatus is if it is connected to the nucleus.
ER is connected
Cells

24. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cells

25. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
When ribosomes are present, the ER is called the rough ER and provides
Aids in protein synthesis
Smooth ER, without ribosomes, is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and hormones.
Cells

26. Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus
The Golgi modifies and package proteins and lipids into vesicles
The Golgi also produces lysosomes
Think of it as Fed Ex
Cells

27. Mitochondria
Mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration, a process in which energy (in the form of ATP) is obtained from organic molecules (glucose)
It’s the powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells
Since it converts food to usable energy (ATP), what type of cell would have a lot of mitochondria??

28. Mitochondria

29. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in algae and plants that carry out photosynthesis, the process of capturing energy from sunlight and converting it into useable energy (carbohydrates)

30. Chloroplasts
Cells

31. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts contain chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of a plant and are the key light-trapping molecules in photosynthesis
Chloroplast are not found in animal cells. Why not??

32. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
Add this to your notes!!!!
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own circular DNA and ribosomes, just like bacteria
They also reproduce the same way as bacteria
This suggests that chloroplasts and mitochondria may have once been bacteria

33. Vacuoles & Vesicles
Vacuoles/ Vesicles are fluid-filled membrane bound bodies
They may contain food particles or digestive enzymes (found in lysosomes)
Transport substances throughout the cell
Release of cellular waste products

34. Vacuoles & Vesicles
-Central vacuoles are large bodies that store water and occupies most of the interior of plant cells
-If the central vacuole runs low on water, the plant will begin to wilt
-The central vacuole in plants stores starch, pigments, and toxic substances
Cells

35. Lysosomes
Lysosomes are vesicles from the Golgi apparatus that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes
They are the cell’s stomach
Lysosomes play an important role in:
Intracellular digestion such as breaking down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders such as bacteria

36. Lysosomes
Cells

37. Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is the internal structure of the cytoplasm and is involved in establishing the shape of the cell and coordinating movements
Cells

38. Cytoskeleton
Cells

39. Short, numerous projections that look like hairs
Section 3
Cellular Structure and Function
Structures and Organelles
Cilia
Short, numerous projections that look like hairs
Flagella
Longer and less numerous than cilia
Create movement with a whiplike motion

40. Table 7.1 Summary of Cell Structure
Section 3
Cellular Structure and Function
Table 7.1 Summary of Cell Structure
Table 7.2 Summary of Cell Structure
Table 7.3 Summary of Cell Structure

41. Plant and Animal Cell Structures
Section 3
Cellular Structure and Function
Structures and Organelles
Plant and Animal Cell Structures

42. Structures only found in Plant Cells
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Central Vacuole