1. CHAPTER 23
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

2. Contrast & compare the causes of the American & French Revolutions.
limitations on aristocracy & church
increased voice for citizens
middle class want greater political role
peasants want freedom from landlords
AMERICAN
war for independence
taxes
no taxation without representation
trade controls
restrictions on movement in frontier areas

3. What were the lasting reforms of the French Revolution?
metric system
universal male suffrage
religious freedom
substantial equality for men
new law codes
centralized system of secondary schools & universities
new constitution

4. What new political movements emerged in the aftermath of the French Revolution?
conservative –repress revolutionary ideas
liberals – limited state interference
radicals – extended voting rights
socialists – attack private property & capitalism
nationalists – stress national unity

5. What changes led to industrialization?
automatic machinery in textiles industry
steam engine
recurrent technological change
inventions
interchangeable parts
use of coal & coke
improvements in agriculture
improvements in transportation & communication

6. What changes in social organization did industrialization cause?
movement of people to cities
young adults moving from families
cities crowded, dirty, crime
new social divisions – middle class move away from cities
work separate from family
work unpleasant, fast, monotonous
factory work stressful
popular leisure changes
middleclass family – wife stay home with children, husband goes to work
women’s sphere separate
women & children sheltered from work world
education now important for children

7. How were industrialization & revolution linked?
government functions shifted
build railroads
promote science & engineering
encourage education
sewer systems
political protest compensated for industrial change (Chartist movement)
artisans want industry regulated
social demands because of changes brought by industrialization

8. How did government functions increase in response to the “social question”?
civil service exams
regulations – safety, health, personal travel,
schooling expands (compulsory to age 12)
expand public secondary schools
wider welfare measures
measures to aid unemployment

9. How did science & the arts diverge in the period after 1850?
rationalist tradition
apply science to practical affairs
link science & technology
combine science & medicine
Darwin’s theory
physics
Einstein – theory of relativity
Freud – human subconscious
ART
Dickens – realistic portrayals of human problems
some painters build on discoveries of science
romanticism – emotion & impression (not reason & generalization) were keys to human experience
portray passions
empathy with nature
try to violate traditional Western standards
abstract, atonal

10. revolutions created new states
Discuss the influence of the revolutions beginning in 1820 and extending through 1870 in reconstructing the map of Europe, and how the reconstruction affected the development of European diplomacy by 1907.
revolutions created new states
greatest impact in eastern & central Europe
emergence of new states accompanied by economic growth
Germany an economic threat to Britain
Germany & Italy want colonies, be a part of world empires
economic & colonial competition upset balance of power
Triple Alliance & Triple Entente.

11. Discuss how the Industrial Revolution changed the social structure and political alignment of the West.
pre-industrialization, social order based on peasantry, aristocracy & the church
post – industrialization, aristocracy & church lose power
social status based on wealth
liberals sought political power that went with economic power of middle class (limited, constitutional government)
radicals & socialists want power extended to working class, extension of voting rights
all manipulated by conservative politicians often through nationalism.