1. Late Nineteenth Century European Thought and Society

2. The Second Industrial Revolution
Began in the 1850s
First Industrial Revolution
Steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil
Internal combustion engine
Consumer society

3. Marshall Field’s Department Store, 1890

4. European Railroads

5. Iron and Steel Production 1875-1915

6. European GNP

7. Early Automobile, 1899

8. The Second Industrial Revolution
Depression of 1873
European economies expanded
Technological advances lower food costs
Competition slows down economy
Bad investments cause banks to fail

9. Impact of industrialisation – on public health & prevention & cure of disease

10. Living & working conditions
overcrowding - spreads disease;
Houses built close to factories - pollution houses built back-to-back: diseases spread more easily
Dirty streets = garbage in streets = disease
Polluted water = cholera
Factories/machinery very dangerous – many accidents (incl. for children)
Long hours; severe punishments – very young children worked about 12 hours
Factories = badly lit & ventilated; windows closed; breathing in dust & cotton fibres

11. Common diseases
Smallpox
Cholera TB
Diptheria
Influenza etc

12. Recognition by government of problems (Actions taken by government):
1848 Public Health Act
Set up a system to encourage – but not force – local authorities to improve conditions in their area
Allowed local authorities to make improvements if they wanted to & if ratepayers gave them their support
Enabled local authorities to borrow money to pay for the improvements
1875 Public Health Act
became law for all local councils to provide clean water, proper drainage & sewage
Had to appoint a Medical Officer of Health
Other public health actions:
1852 – government makes vaccinations compulsory = direct action to improve health of people
1876 – govt passes laws against pollution of rivers & introduces food regulations

13. Edwin Chadwick

14. Significance: He made suggestions to the Poor Law Commission
Wrote his findings in a report called Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population in 1842
Concluded that poverty was due to poor health conditions
Recommended:
Improve drainage
Remove refuse from streets
Improve water supplies
Appoint Medical Officer to help improve health of poor people
Government finally responds to Chadwick’s report – leads to passing of 1848 Public Health Act

15. Louis Pasteur

16. The fight against disease: GERM THEORY

17. Definition:
Theory that micro-organism called germs cause disease

18. middle class property owners vs. working class
old alliances that produced revolutions dissolved
revolutions in West become obsolete
industrial consolidation
rise of socialism
stable populations
children valued
material conditions improve
peasants improve lives
labor movements
adjustments to industrial life

19. Political Trends cautious change
Britain – vote to working-class males 1867
Prussia – vote to all adult males
conservatives use nationalism to win support
united: Italy
Germany (1871)
key political issues reduced
most Western nations have parliamentary systems
- basic liberties protected
- political parties peacefully contest for office

20. New Government Functions
expand
civil service exams
school systems
welfare systems set up
government & citizen contact with each other
rise of socialism
- Karl Marx
revisionists support parliamentary
democracy to achieve goals

21. Cultural Change feminist movements late 1800s higher wages
increased leisure time
- pleasure part of life
mass leisure culture
- rise of team sports
- growing secularism
consumption encouraged (factory capacity)
advances
in scientific knowledge
- continues tradition of rationalism
- Darwin, Einstein, Freud

22. What changes in social organization did industrialization cause?
movement of people to cities
young adults moving from families
cities crowded, dirty, crime
new social divisions – middle class move away from cities
work separate from family
work unpleasant, fast, monotonous
factory work stressful
popular leisure changes
middleclass family – wife stay home with children, husband goes to work
women’s sphere separate
women & children sheltered from work world
education now important for children

23. How did government functions increase in response to the “social question”?
civil service exams
regulations – safety, health, personal travel,
schooling expands (compulsory to age 12)
expand public secondary schools
wider welfare measures
measures to aid unemployment

24. How did science & the arts diverge in the period after 1850?
rationalist tradition
apply science to practical affairs
link science & technology
combine science & medicine
Darwin’s theory
physics
Einstein – theory of relativity
Freud – human subconscious
ART
Dickens – realistic portrayals of human problems
some painters build on discoveries of science
romanticism – emotion & impression (not reason & generalization) were keys to human experience
portray passions
empathy with nature
try to violate traditional Western standards
abstract, atonal

25. The Second Industrial Revolution
Middle Class (bourgeoisie) continues to expand
Rise of “white collar workers” (petite bourgeoisie)

26. Upper Middle Class Society

27. The Second Industrial Revolution
Urbanization continues late 19th century
Governments introduce urban planning

28. Women in Late Nineteenth Century Europe
Still considered property of husbands and fathers
Educational opportunities finally available by late 1800s

29. Women in Late Nineteenth Century Europe
Middle Class women
Cult of Domesticity
Middle class women begin to have fewer children

30. English Middle Class Women

31. Women in Late Nineteenth Century Europe
Rise of Women’s movement
Women demand reforms in public health and working conditions

32. Women’s Suffrage Movement

33. Jews in Late Nineteenth Century Europe
Discrimination against Jews for most of European history
“Emancipation”
Rise of Anti-Semitism
Zionist Movement

34. Zionist Movement
Theodore Herzl, founder of the Zionist movement

35. Discuss how the Industrial Revolution changed the social structure and political alignment of the West.
pre-industrialization, social order based on peasantry, aristocracy & the church
post – industrialization, aristocracy & church lose power
social status based on wealth
liberals sought political power that went with economic power of middle class (limited, constitutional government)
radicals & socialists want power extended to working class, extension of voting rights
all manipulated by conservative politicians often through nationalism.

36. Workers in Late Nineteenth Century Europe
Workers demand better working conditions
Workers gain voting rights throughout most of Europe

37. Reaction to Marxism Marxism spreads throughout Europe
International Working Men’s Association
Calls for government ownership of industries

38. Reaction to Marxism Britain Unions become legal in 1880s
Fabian Society

39. Reaction to Marxism France
Marxism a great influence on French labor movements
French workers resorted to strikes

40. Reaction to Marxism Germany Social Democratic Party
Bismarck considered Social Democrats a threat
Social legislation passed in 1883

41. German Socialists

42. Reaction to Marxism Russia
Industrialized much later than Western Europe
Absolute monarchy prevented necessary reforms
Rise of revolutionary movements

43. Russian Society

44. Reaction to Marxism Lenin (1870-1924) Original name Vladimir Ulyanov
Became leader of the Bolsheviks, a Marxist revolutionary group

45. Lenin

46. Reaction to Marxism
Russia
Revolution of 1905
Government reforms

47. Revolution of 1905

48. Late 19th Century European Thought
Science becomes dominant in European society
State becomes in charge of education

49. Chemistry Class, 1899

50. Late 19th Century European Thought
Culture
Art
Literature
Music
Philosophy

51. Arearea, Paul Gauguin

52. Conclusion Industrialization continues to affect European society
Women begin to demand equal rights
Governments react to Marxism in different ways
Industrialization affects European culture