1. 19 TH CENTURY POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES (Post-Congress of Vienna Industrial Age Politics in Europe)

2. Conservatism Tradition and social stability Seeks to “conserve” the status quo Anti-(French) Revolution Opposed the ideas of democracy, free speech, and other individual rights Opposed the ideas of equality and the social contract between citizens and government Believed in the right of kings and royal families to rule Supported church authority (state religions)

3. Liberalism Based on Enlightenment ideas Individual Rights—especially “civil liberties” such as freedom of speech and the press Written Constitutions and Bills of Rights to define and limit the powers of government Demanded representative assemblies and expanding voting rights (Though NOT necessarily Universal male suffrage) Religious tolerance

4. Socialism Government/public ownership of property No Private Property Economic Equality—all citizens should have their basic needs provided for Disagreement over means: Moderate socialists focused on voting rights—universal suffrage would naturally lead to Socialism Radical socialists believed that economic change would only result from violent revolution Karl Marx—father of Socialism

5. Nationalism Belief in the unity of a “nation” of people Defined by a Common Language, History, and Customs Primary loyalty of each person should be to his/her Nation (not to a region, empire, or individual person such as a king) Supported the creation of National States Either through the Unification of smaller, independent states Or through the Dissolution of Multi-National Empires This ideology is separate from the “left—right” spectrum