1. Ecology Unit

2. Ecology
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment.
Organisms depend in some way on other living and nonliving organisms.

3. Interdependence
Interdependence- Dependence on each other or one another
Examples:
Hare and lynx
Hare and grasses/shrubs
Birds and insects

5. Levels of Organization

6. Levels of Organization
Biosphere-
broadest; earth and atmosphere that supports life

7. Levels of Organization
Ecosystem-
all of the organisms and nonliving environment found in a particular place

8. Levels of Organization
Community-
all interacting organisms living in an area

9. Levels of Organization
Population-
members of a species that live in one place at a time

10. Levels of Organization
Organism-
individual

11. Ecology of Organisms Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors
Biotic- living factors in the environment
Ex. Plants, animals
Abiotic- non-living factors in the environment
Ex. Climate, soil

12. Ecology of Organisms Niche
The specific role, or way of life of a species within its environment
What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?

13. Exit Slip An ecosystem contains?
Hunting season on deer increases the amount of grass/shrubs is an example of? (word for things depending on one another)
A biotic factor in a pond is? Abiotic factor?

14. Ecology of Organisms
Conformers- do not regulate their internal conditions
Regulators- use energy to control some of their internal conditions

15. Ecology of Organisms
Two ways species can escape unfavorable conditions:
1. Dormancy- state of reduced activity
2. Migration- Move to a more favorable habitat

16. Ecology of Organisms Generalists Specialists
Organisms forage on a variety of food; feed on what is available
Specialists
Focus on a specific food source

17. Species Interactions Predation
Predator- organism preys on other organisms
Prey- animal taken by predator as food
Examples?

18. Why are these animals fast or camouflage?
Looking for students to say they are adaptations to catch prey, or avoid predators. They are adaptations to allow the to survive.

19. Adaptations Predator Adaptations
Adaptations that help predators acquire food
Chemical
Rattlesnack vs. Rat
Camouflage
Chameleon
Speed
Cheetah

20. Jesus Lizard Adaptations that increase chance of survival
Prey Adaptations
Jesus Lizard
Adaptations that increase chance of survival
Chemical Combat
Camouflage
Speed
Mimicry

21. Mimicry What are the differences between the organisms?
One snake is venomous, the other is not? What does it look the same?
One butterfly tastes bad to predators so they don’t eat it, the other butterfly tastes good to predators. Why do they look the same?

22. Prey Adaptations Mimicry
Batesian
Harmless species mimics a harmful species
Octopus Defense
Mullerian
Two or more species share similar warning colors or attributes

23. Exit Slip What are two ways carbon enters the atmosphere?
How is carbon removed from the atmosphere?
Give one example of a predator adaptation and one prey adaptation.
What is the difference in Mullerian and Batesian Mimicry?

24. Plant Adaptations
Defense
Catching Prey
Venus Fly Trap

25. What is happening here?
Two DIFFERENT species competing over food (interspecific competition)

26. Competition Interspecific
Competition among members of different species
Ex. Lions and Cheetahs
Prey on the same food (one will have less food)

27. What is happening here?
Animals of the SAME species competing over something. Likely territory in this case. (Intraspecific Competition)

28. Competition Intraspecific
Competition among members of the same species
Ex. Trees of same species competing for light, nutrients
Ex. Deer fighting for territory and mates

29. Who is benefiting in this interaction. Who is harmed
Who is benefiting in this interaction? Who is harmed? Or do both benefit?

30. Symbiotic relationship
Parasitism  
One organism benefits, the other is harmed
Ticks and humans/animals

31. Who is benefiting in this interaction. Who is harmed
Who is benefiting in this interaction? Who is harmed? Or do both benefit?

32. Symbiotic Relationship
Mutualism  
Both organisms benefit
Birds cleaning teeth

34. Symbiotic Relationship
Commensalism  
One organism benefits, the other is unaffected
Shark and remora fish
Who is benefiting in this interaction? Who is harmed? Or do both benefit?

35. Review 1. Example of a biotic and abiotic factor on a farm.
2. What is the niche of a turkey?
3. What is interdependence?

36. Energy Transfer Producers Consumers
Autotrophs- manufacture food for themselves
Ex. Plants, Bacteria
Consumers
Heterotrophs- get energy by feeding on other organisms

37. Energy Transfer Types of Consumers Herbivore-plants only
Carnivore-meat only
Omnivore-both plants and meat
Detrivores-dead plant and animal matter
Decomposer-break down dead and decaying organic matter

38. Ecology of Organisms
Generalists
Specialists
Omnivores
Herbivores

39. Energy Transfer Trophic Levels
Position an organism occupies in the food chain
What it eats, and what eats it…

40. Energy Transfer

41. Food Chain vs. Food Web
Food Chain
Food Web

42. Biomes Tundra Coldest temps Very little precipitation
Thin topsoil over permafrost
Mosses, small woody plants

43. Biomes
Taiga
Cold
Low in nutrients
Evergreen trees

44. Biomes Temperate Grassland Good precipitation Deep layer of topsoil
Rich in nutrients
Most have been transformed to farmland

45. Biomes
Savanna
Dry, thin topsoil
Tall grasses
Scattered trees

46. Biomes Chaparral Little precipitation Rocky, thin topsoil
Low nutrients
Shrubs and small trees

47. Earth’s Layers The earth is made up of 4 layers: Biosphere Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Geosphere

48. Atmosphere
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
Greenhouse
gases

49. Greenhouse Effect
1) Energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere and heats the earth’s surface
2) Some of the heat radiates away from earth
3) Some of the heat radiates into space
4) Some heat is absorbed by gases and returned to earth

50. Hydrosphere All of the water on earth
Only 3 percent of surface water is freshwater
Most is in the form of glaciers

51. Geosphere The earth’s rock interior
Extends from the molten center to the crust

52. Biosphere All parts of the earth where life exists

53. Sources

54. Sources