1. Ecology: Flow of Energy
Ms. Selman

2. Objectives
Explain the ecological levels of organization in the biosphere;
Describe the parts and players in an ecosystem;
Arrange components of a food chain according to energy flow;
Create a food web;
Compare the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid;
Use diagrams to trace and explain the movement of matter through cycles in an ecosystem; and
Explain the concept of a limiting factor as it relates to water and nutrients.

3. A. Explain the ecological levels of organization in the biosphere;
An ecosystem refers to all the animals and plants found in one place, and the way they all live together.
Different plants and animals live in different ecosystems.
Different ecosystems can be close together.
Some animals belong to several ecosystems.

4. Levels of Organization
The biosphere contains a complex set of interaction between organisms
Species/Individual: a group of organisms so similar they can reproduce
Populations: a group of the same species that live in the same area

5. Levels of Organization
Communities: groups of different populations that live in the same area
Ecosystem: organisms and the non living environment in a particular place
Biome: a group of ecosystems that share the same climate, and dominant communities (desert)

6. B. Arrange components of a food chain according to energy flow;
All living things (organisms) need food (nourishment) to live.
Living things in an ecosystem depend on each other for food.

7. Carnivores
Some animals, like the kingfisher, eat only other animals. These animals are called “carnivores”.

8. Herbivores
Some animals do not eat other animals. They survive on plants and are known as “herbivores”.

9. Omnivores Some animals, like us, eat both plants and animals.
These animals are called “omnivores”.

10. Consumers “Consume” means “eat”.
Animals are consumers because they “eat” (consume) food provided by plants or other animals. (heterotrophs)

11. Producers
Plants are living organisms. They need nourishment to survive.
But…
Plants do not eat other plants or animals.
Plants are called producers, because they make their own food inside themselves. (autotrophs)

12. A predator eats other animals.
Cats eat fish.
So do bears!

13. Predator
People are predators too!

14. Prey
Any animal which is hunted and killed by another animal for food is prey.
Predator
Prey

15. Predators and Prey
Some animals are predators, some are prey - some are both.
The predator eats the prey, and the prey gets eaten by the predator.

16. Food Chains A food chain shows what is eaten.
The lettuce is eaten by the rabbit.

17. Food chains always start with a plant.
The lettuce is eaten by the slug, the slug is eaten by the bird.

18. Food Chains - a Reminder
A food chain shows which animals eat other animals or plants.
Plants don’t eat things.
A food chain starts with what gets eaten and the arrows point towards what does the eating.
Food chains only go in one direction.

19. Where do the arrows point?

20. Food Webs
In the wild, animals may eat more than one thing, so they belong to more than one food chain.
To get the food they need, small herbivores may eat lots of different plants, and carnivores may eat many different animals.

21. Food Webs fox owl rabbits mice grass seeds berries
We can show this by using a food web, which is just a more complicated version of a food chain.
fox
owl
rabbits
mice
grass
seeds
berries

22. Breaking the Chain Organisms living in a habitat depend on each other.
If one part of a food chain dies out or is greatly reduced, the consumers have to find alternative food, move away, or starve.
This then affects more consumers in the same way.

23. C. Create a food web; Chose an ecosystem to work from
Include at least 12 organisms, 4 autotrophs, 1 decomposer
Organize your drawing into trophic levels
Be sure to draw all interactions that are happening between organisms
Ideas: Forest, desert, Utah Mountains, Ocean, Jungle, Savanna

24. E. Compare the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid;
Ecological pyramid: a diagram that shows the amounts of energy or matter in each trophic level of a food chain or food web
Top level consumers 1% of energy
First level consumers 10% of energy
Producers produce 100% of
available energy

25. F. Use diagrams to trace and explain the movement of matter through cycles in an ecosystem; and
Unlike the one way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems
Biogeochemical cycles: elements, chemicals, and other matter is passed through the biosphere

26. The Water Cycle All living things require water
New water is not created, it moves between the oceans, atmosphere and land
Evaporation: process by which water changes from liquid to gas
Transpiration: when water evaporates from the leaves of plants

27. The Water Cycle

28. The Carbon Cycle Carbon is the key ingredient in living tissue
CO2 is important part of the atmosphere
CO2 is taken in and used by plants, and release by animals and plants

29. The Carbon Cycle Has four main types of processes:
Biological: photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and relase CO2 and oxygen
Geochemical: such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and oceans

30. The Carbon Cycle
Mixed Biochemical processes, such as burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum, store carbon underground
Human activities such as mining, cutting and burning forests, releases CO2 into the atmosphere

31. The Carbon Cycle

32. The Nitrogen Cycle
All organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids, which form proteins
Nitrogen makes up 78% of the earth’s atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation: process where a bacteria on the roots of legumes (peas, beans, alfalfa) converts nitrogen gas into usable ammonia
Denitrification: when soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas.

33. The Nitrogen Cycle

34. The Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus is essential for living organisms because it is part of DNA and RNA
Phosphorus does not become part of the atmosphere
Released as rocks and sediments wear down
As it dissolves, it is used by organisms

35. The Phosphorus Cycle

36. G. Explain the concept of a limiting factor as it relates to water and nutrients.
Primary Productivity: the rate at which organic matter is created by producers
Limiting nutrient: when an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles slowly
Ex. Algal bloom: when a limited nutrient becomes abundant, not enough consumers to eat it.