1. End Show Slide 1 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-1 What Is Ecology?

3. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 3 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Interactions and Interdependence Ecology is the scientific study of interactions organisms and organisms and their, or surroundings.

4. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 4 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Interactions and Interdependence The biosphere contains the combined portions of the in which all of life exists, including: land water air, or The biosphere extends from about 8 above surface to as far as 11 kilometers below the surface of the.

5. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 5 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Interactions and Interdependence Interactions within the produce a web of between organisms and the environment in which they live. The interdependence of life on Earth contributes to an ever-changing, or, biosphere.

6. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 6 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Levels of Organization To understand relationships within the biosphere, ecologists ask questions about and organisms that range in from a individual to the entire biosphere. The levels of organization that ecologists study include: individuals,, communities,, and.

7. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 7 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Levels of Organization Ecosystem Community Population Individual Biome Biosphere

8. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 8 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Levels of Organization A is a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce offspring. Populations are groups of that belong to the same species and live in the same area. Communities are assemblages of different that live together in a defined area.

9. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 9 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Levels of Organization An is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their, or physical, environment. A is a group of ecosystems that have the same and similar dominant communities. The highest level of organization that ecologists study is the entire itself.

10. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 10 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Methods Regardless of the tools they use, scientists conduct modern ecological research using basic approaches: observing experimenting modeling All of these approaches rely on the application of to guide ecological inquiry.

11. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 11 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Observing Observing is often the first step in asking questions. Some observations are simple. Others are complex and may form the first step in designing and. Ecological Methods

12. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 12 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–2 Energy Flow

13. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 13 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Producers Where does the for life processes come from? Producers Without a constant of energy, living systems cannot function. Sunlight is the main source for on Earth.

14. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 14 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Producers In a few, some organisms obtain energy from a source other than sunlight. Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in chemical compounds.

15. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 15 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Producers Only, some, and certain can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce. These organisms are called. Because they make their own food, autotrophs are called.

16. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 16 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Producers Energy From the Sun The best-known autotrophs harness energy through a process known as. During photosynthesis, these autotrophs use to convert and water into and energy-rich carbohydrates.

17. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 17 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Producers Photosynthesis is responsible for adding to—and removing from— Earth's atmosphere.

18. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 18 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Producers Life Without Light Some autotrophs can produce food in the of. When organisms use energy to produce, the process is called.

19. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 19 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Producers

20. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 20 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Consumers Many organisms cannot harness directly from the environment. Organisms that rely on other organisms for their and food supply are called. Heterotrophs are also called.

21. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 21 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Consumers There are many different types of heterotrophs. Herbivores eat. Carnivores eat. Omnivores eat both and. Detritivores feed on plant and animal and other matter. Decomposers, like and, break down matter.

22. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 22 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Feeding Relationships How does flow through living systems? Energy flows through an ecosystem in direction, from the or inorganic compounds to (producers) and then to various (consumers). Food Chains A chain is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by and being eaten.

23. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 23 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Feeding Relationships In some food chains, the producers are microscopic algae and the top is four steps removed from the. Algae Zooplankton Small Fish Squid Shark

24. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 24 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Feeding Relationships Food Webs Ecologists describe a relationship in an ecosystem that forms a network of interactions as a food. A food web links all the food in an together.

25. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 25 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Feeding Relationships This food shows some of the feeding relationships in a community.

26. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 26 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Feeding Relationships Trophic Levels Each step in a food chain or food web is called a level. Producers make up the trophic level. Consumers make up the,, or higher trophic levels. Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for.

27. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 27 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Pyramids How is the transfer of energy among organisms in an ecosystem? Only about percent of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next level.

28. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 28 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Pyramids The amount of energy or matter in an ecosystem can be represented by an ecological. An pyramid is a diagram that shows the amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food or food.

29. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 29 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Pyramids Ecologists recognize different types of pyramids: energy biomass pyramids pyramids of

30. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 30 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Pyramids 0.1% Third-level consumers 1% Second-level consumers 10% First-level consumers 100% Producers Energy Pyramid: Shows the amount of available at each trophic level. Only part of the energy that is in one trophic level is on to the next level.

31. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 31 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Pyramids 50 grams of human tissue 500 grams of chicken 5000 grams of grass Biomass Pyramid: Represents the amount of organic matter at each level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the of the pyramid.

32. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 32 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers: Shows the number of individual organisms at each trophic level. Ecological pyramids show the amounts of energy, living tissue, or number of organisms at successive feeding levels. The pyramid is divided into sections that represent each level. Because each trophic level harvests only about one of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one tenth the amount of living.

33. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 33 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Cycles of Matter

34. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 34 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Recycling in the Biosphere How does matter move among the and parts of an ecosystem? Recycling in the Biosphere Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently. Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled and ecosystems. Biogeochemical Cycles

35. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 35 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Cycle The Water Cycle - All living things require to survive. Water moves between the, atmosphere, and.

36. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 36 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles How are important in living systems? Nutrient Cycles All the substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients. Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out life functions. Similar to water, are passed between organisms and the environment through cycles.

37. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 37 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Carbon Cycle Carbon is a key ingredient of living. Biological processes, such as, respiration, and, take up and release carbon and oxygen. Geochemical processes, such as and activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.

38. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 38 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles CO 2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis feeding Respiration Deposition Carbonate Rocks Deposition Decomposition Fossil fuel Volcanic activity Uplift Erosion Respiration Human activity CO 2 in Ocean Photosynthesis

39. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 39 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle All organisms require to make proteins. Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of on Earth, only certain types of can use this form directly. Such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called. They convert nitrogen gas into in a process known as nitrogen.

40. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 40 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles Bacterial nitrogen fixation N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition excretion Atmospheric nitrogen fixation Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition Decomposition excretion NO 3 and NO 2

41. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 41 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Other bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called. This process releases nitrogen into the once again. Nutrient Cycles

42. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 42 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like and. Most phosphorus exists in the form of. Inorganic phosphate is released into the soil and water as wear down.

43. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 43 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organic moves through the food web and to the rest of the. Nutrient Cycles Ocean Land Organisms Sediments

44. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 44 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Limitation The primary of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by. One factor that controls the productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available.

45. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 45 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall If a nutrient is in short supply, it will an organism's growth. When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is or very slowly, this substance is called a nutrient. Nutrient Limitation

46. End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 46 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall When an ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient—such as from heavily fertilized fields—the result is often an immediate increase in the amount of and other producers. This result is called an bloom. Algal blooms can disrupt the of an ecosystem. Nutrient Limitation