1. High Tide of Imperialism
AP World History – Unit 4
Chapter 22 Notes

2. Definitions Imperialism: Colonialism:
Process through which a state attempts
to control the economic, political, and/or cultural makeup of another state.
Colonialism:
The most developed form of Imperialism whereby the controlling state invades another state/region so as to exploit its resources and/or for the purposes of large-scale production.
Between the West (Europe and America) increased their control of the world’s land mass from 35%-85%!
60 million people left Europe.

3. Definitions Direct Rule: Indirect Rule:
The actual administration of government by representatives of the imperial power, usually supported by military and civilian services.
French tried direct rule.
Indirect Rule:
Ruling through cooperation with a native ruler or rulers who profit from the relationship.
British used indirect rule.
Example was the Raj in India.

4. Definitions Protectorate Sphere of Influence
A stronger nation “protects” a weaker nation from others.
It still has great influence over the affairs of the “protected” nation and is supposed to listen to advice of mother country.
Local rulers left in place.
Costs less to run than a colony.
Sphere of Influence
An area over which a powerful nation claims a “vital interest” and, in reality, claims the right to exert dominance.
An outside power claimed economic (trading) privileges.
China was the best example.

5. Causes of Imperialism

6. Economic
Industrialization gave the West the ability to conquer other parts of the world.
As well as more reasons to do so.
Large-scale industrial production made Western factories demand more raw materials.
This could be seized from less powerful nations.
Western nations needed markets for the goods produced.
Colonies would serve as potential markets.
Immense wealth allowed the Western world to conquer far-off places.

7. Military
Industrialization provided new weaponry for the armies and navies of the West:
Ocean-going fleets.
Modern rifles and rapid-fire artillery.
Native populations rarely resisted Western military forces.
Growing need of Western nations to maintain bases and coal/oil stations around the world for naval and civilian fleets.
Ships required repairs and refueling stations at strategic locations globally.

8. Social
Europe’s rapid population growth during the 1800’s played a role in prompting imperial activity.
Immigration to the Americas was an outlet.
Millions came to the Americas.
Another outlet was to leave home for colonial life.
Ambitious or desperate families
attempted to make their fortunes this way.

9. Science and Technology
Instrumental in allowing the West to conquer and colonize.
Knowledge was power.
Advances in transportation, communication, and warfare brought by the Industrial Revolution enabled Western nations to build empires.
New wave of exploration allowed for better knowledge of the geography of the world.
Medical advances
Made possible for Europeans and Americans to press into tropical regions.
Quinine helped relieve symptoms of malaria & yellow fever.

10. Cultural Sense of racial superiority was widespread among Westerners.
Created a sense that Western nations were entitled to conquer & colonize areas that appeared “backwards” or “primitive”.
Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist,
“I contend that we are the finest race
in the world, and the more of it we
inhabit, the better.”

11. Cultural Social Darwinism.
West had a sense of racial superiority Darwin’s theory of “natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” applied to the human societies.
Destruction and conquest of weaker races was nature’s way of improving the species.
English poet Rudyard Kipling, “White Man’s Burden”.
Attitude was well-meaning and heartfelt, but condescending.
European and American missionaries, doctors, scientists, and colonial officials often did good in the places they visited.
They did so out of a subconscious sense of racial superiority, and often trampled on the beliefs and ideas of the natives.
Interesting fact, he also wrote The Jungle Book.

12. World in 1900

13. Imperial Empires

14. British Empire in 1900
“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

15. India “The Jewel in the Crown”
st British trade center at Bombay
1690 British establish center at Calcutta
1707 Start of Mughal decline
Seven Years’ War
British East India Co. uses sepoys
1857 Sepoy Rebellion
1858 Beginning of the British Raj

16. The Sepoy Mutiny
The East India Company relied on Sepoys, Indians who worked for the Brits, mostly as soldiers.
By the mid- 1800’s, the Sepoys were becoming increasingly alarmed with the company’s insatiable appetite for eating up larger and larger chunks of the subcontinent.
Company did not respect the local customs or Muslim and Hindu religious customs

17. The Sepoy Mutiny
In 1857, the Sepoys learned that the bullet cartridges (which had to be bitten off in order to load into the riffle) were greased with pork or beef fat, thus violating Hindu and Muslim dietary laws, the Sepoys rebelled. The fighting continued for two years and the rebellion failed miserably.

18. Power in Parliament
The consequences were huge! In 1858, the British parliament stepped in, took control of India away from the East India Company, and made all of India a crown colony.
By 1877, Queen Victoria was recognized as Empress of India.

19. Indian Resistance to British Rule
Reforms
Ram Mohan Roy
Cooperation
Indian National Congress (1885)
Nationalism
Radical movement centered on Hinduism
Called for independence and revolts
Paved path for Gandhi, etc.
Ram Mohan Roy

20. Impact of British rule in India
Positive:
Western education
Social reforms
Keep the caste system
Technology
Railroads
Telegraph lines
Brought into the global market economy
Negative:
Move towards cash crops lead to famines
Drain India of resources
Taxes used to pay for army and generous salaries for administrators
Increase in chronic poverty

21. British Imperialism in South Africa
st Dutch settlement at Cape Town
1815 British annex Cape Town
1830 Boers begin Great Trek
1867 Diamonds discovered in Orange Free State
1885 Gold discovered in Transvaal
Boer Wars

22. South Africa
Prior to the discovery of gold and diamonds in South Africa was valuable for Europeans only for shipping and military reasons. The Dutch first arrived and settled in Cape Town as a stopping point for ships on the way from Europe to India.
In 1795, the British seized Cape Town and the South African Dutch (Boers or Afrikaners) trekked northeast into the interior of South Africa, settling in a region known as Transvaal

23. Boer Wars
When the Dutch discovered diamonds in Transvaal, the British quickly followed, fighting a series of wars for the rights and resources. After years of bloody battles, known as the Boer Wars ( ), the British reigned supreme, and all of South Africa was annexed as part of the ever-expanding British Empire.
The Africans were not allowed claims to the gold and diamonds, and were made to work in the mines as their natural resources were sent abroad.

24. Union of South Africa
South Africa became a significant British colony, complete with extensive investment in infrastructure and institutions. In 1910, the colony had its own constitution, and it became the Union of South Africa, still part of the British Commonwealth, but exercising a considerable amount of self-rule.

25. African National Congress
Under the Constitution
only white men could vote
native Africans had few rights
In 1912, educated South Africans organized the African National Congress in an effort to oppose European colonialism.

26. French Empire
Light Blue: 1st French colonial empire; Dark Blue: 2nd French colonial empire

27. French in Vietnam
1600s Jesuit priests arrive in Vietnam; French trade with Vietnam follows
French help Gia Long unite Vietnam
Minh Mang replaces Gia Long and begins to persecute Christians
Persecutions plus pressures in Europe provided justification for French conquest
By 1890s France controlled Vietnam (later would add Cambodia and Laos)

28. Colonial Southeast Asia, c. 1850

29. Vietnamese Resistance
Guerrilla warfare – “Save the King Movement”
Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)
Fail to create mass movement
Replaced by Communist Party of Vietnam (Viet Minh)
Dominated by Ho Chi Minh

30. Imperialism in Africa
Left: Africa in 1878
Right: Africa in 1914

31. The Berlin Conference: Carving Up the Continent
In 1884, Otto von Bismarck hosted the major European powers at the conference in Berlin intended to resolve some differences over various European claims to lands in the African Congo.

32. Carving up Africa
By the end of the conference, the delegates had set up rules for how colonization rights and boundaries would be determined on the continent. Each country wanted to be the first to establish possession in the various parts of Africa.
Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European rule by 1914.

33. Political and Economic Advantage
Because the Berlin Conference encouraged colonialism solely based on bargaining for political and economic advantage, the boundary lines were based on European concerns, not on African history or culture.
tribal lands were cut in half
disrupted the culture (European schools, Christian missionaries, western business practice)
traditional African culture started to break apart (Things Fall Apart)

34. Suez Canal

35. Egypt
In theory the Ottomans ruled Egypt from 1517 until 1882, although throughout the nineteenth century, Ottoman rule was very weak. Local rulers, called beys, had far more influence over developments in Egypt than the rulers in Istanbul.
When Napoleon tried to conquer Egypt, Muhammed Ali defeated the French and the Ottomans, and gained control of Egypt in 1805.

36. Suez Canal
Ali’s westernization attempts were temporarily halted by his successor Abbas I, but were reinvigorated under subsequent rulers, who worked with the French to build the Suez Canal. The canal, when completed in 1869, connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean, eliminating the need to go around the Cape of Good Hope.

37. Selling Stock
Because the British had a huge colony n India, the canal became more important to them than anyone else. As Egypt’s finances went into a tailspin because of excessive government spending, Egypt started selling stock in its canal to raise money, stock that the British government eagerly gobbled up.

38. Latin American Imperialism

39. Latin American Independence
Creoles
3.5 million creoles in Latin America by 1800
Only 30,000 peninsulares
Resent tight government and economic regulations
Want to replace peninsulares but retain their privileged position
American Revolution
Napoleon’s Invasion of Spain & Portugal

40. Latin American Independence
1810 – Miguel de Hidalgo begins uprising in Mexico
Independence gained by Augustine de Iturbide in 1821
1819 – Simon Bolivar (right) gains independence for Columbia
Liberates South America with help from Jose de San Martin
Attempt for a unified northern South America fails in 1830
1821 – Brazil gains independence

41. Problems After Independence
Caudillos
Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina)
“Machiavelli of the pampas”
Kills over 22,000 people
Latin America had little experience with self- government
Creoles dominate politics
Only 5% of male population participated in politics
Role of the Catholic Church
Poor treatment of natives

42. Economic Problems Monroe Doctrine (1823) Economic Imperialism?
Britain replaced Spain as the dominant economic force in Latin America
Economy continued to depend upon exports
Britain dominated until 1860
Modernization theory vs. Dependency theory

43. U.S. Intervention in Latin America
Mexican-American War ( )
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Spanish-American War
U.S. gains Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam
“Independence” for Cuba
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
Panama Canal
Completed August 1914

44. U.S. Imperialism

45. Mexico (1821-1857) 1821-1850’s marked by political instability
Went from monarchy to republic to caudillo rule
Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana (left) dominates politics prior to 1850
Church remains influential
Owns almost 50% of all productive land in Mexico
Nationalism grows after Mexican-American War

46. Benito Juarez (1861-1872) Liberal mestizo Institutes La Reforma
First Mexican ruler without a military background
Institutes La Reforma
Focus on land redistribution to improve the condition of natives
Confiscates church lands
Speculators and large landowners buy land instead of natives
Most of Mexico’s peasants were landless by 1900
Creates a backlash from Mexican conservatives

47. Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910) Industrialized Mexico
Built railroads
Improved banking system
Focused on oil & mining
Depended on foreign investment
Increasingly autocratic
Oppressed political opposition
Arrested Francisco Madero in 1910
Porfirio Diaz

48. Argentina After independence dominated by caudillos
Politically stabilized after 1862
Economic growth based on exports
Primary export is beef
Dependent on foreign capital
Large numbers of immigrants from Europe
3.5 million from Italy, Germany, Russia, etc.

49. Latin American Society
Few changes for women in Latin America
Remained under the control of their fathers and husbands
Machismo
Lower class had more economic freedoms
Gained more access to education
Racial castes were formally abolished
Racial and ethnic tensions continued
Few major/ethnic reforms

50. Impacts of imperialism

51. Positive: the benefits
Infrastructure development.
Ports, roads, railroads, etc.
Advantages of European institutions.
Schools, hospitals, legal systems, etc.
Economic development of resources.

52. Negative: the disadvantages
Exploitation of native populations for “cheap labor”.
Resources were exported to the advantage of Europe.
Some depleted.
Dependency on economic systems.
Later, no preparation for independence.
Devaluation of traditional cultures.
Long term legacy of poverty in the world economic system.
Led to independence movements after WWII.
Some peaceful and some violent.