1. Fungi 100,000 species

2. Characteristics Eukaryote: with chitonous cell wall, no chloroplasts Reproduction – Asexual – budding – in yeast cells – Sexual – spores made inside of “fruiting bodies that are produced on reproductive hyphae – most fungi Metabolism: respiration and fermentation – Absorption of nutrients through mycelia – Saprophytes (most fungi) – Parasite (athlete’s foot, ringworm and Dutch elm)

3. Environment: grow best in moist, warm places

4. Phyla Basidiomycetes: club fungi - mushrooms, bracken fungi, puffballs, (produce 4 spores in sporangium) Ascomycetes: morel mushroom, cup mushroom (produce 8 spores in sporangium) Oomycetes: water-borne fungi Deuteromycetes: athletes foot

5. Basidiomycetes Also includes smut!

6. Smut!!!!!!!!!!! Not pornographic material Not what you think!

7. Corn smut

8. Giant puffballs Look carefully!

12. Inside of a puffball

13. Bracken fungus growing on dead tree

14. Bracken fungi on tree

15. Rust

16. “Killer” Mushrooms

17. Fairy rings Oops…. Wrong type!

18. Fairy Ring A circular collection of fruiting bodies (mushrooms) that are actually all connected underground by one mycelium mass The larger the diameter, the older the mycelium

19. Ascomycetes Cup/sac fungi

20. Orange Jelly fungus

21. Morel mushroom

22. Stachybotrys mould that is responsible for sick building syndrome (leaky condo)

23. Oomycetes Most feed on dead aquatic materials Some species are saprophytes of dead plants and animals One species is thought to be the cause of the current worldwide die-off of frogs primitive, single-celled, colonial, or mycelial fungi that appear to reproduce asexually most of the time, only reproducing sexually in times of dire need. primitive

25. Zygomycetes Live on soil or dead and decaying plant or animal matter Simplest reproductive cycle Asexual reproduction: produce spores in sporangia Sexual reproduction: produce zygospores

26. Zygospore

27. Pilobolus kleinii Hat Thrower

28. Yeast (in bread)

29. Black bread mold sporangia

30. Penicillin – (a direct descendant of the fungus used by Dr. Fleming to make the first antibiotic)

31. Deuteromycetes "fungi imperfecti" generally do not exhibit a sexual reproductive function

32. Athlete’s foot and ringworm

33. Slime molds – no longer considered fungi, but protists

34. Other: NOT a phylum but a symbiotic relationship: Lichen

35. Foliose lichen

36. Cladonia coccinera fruiting bodies

37. Ecological significance Symbiotic relationships – Lichen – a combination of plant and fungi in a mutualistic relationship (An index species in ecological succession) Fungi – obtain sugars and substrate (surface) to grow on Algae – obtains mineral nutrients as the fungus enzymes break down the rock surface

38. Ecological significance of Fungi Important decomposer Some pathogenic Some fight disease (produce antibiotics Some edible Some poisonous – enzymes can liquify your liver if you do not get the appropriate anti-toxin immediately (assuming there is an anti-toxin)

39. Mycorrhizae (whitish stuff next to the brown roots)

40. Structures StructureFunction Cap (Pileus)Covers and protects the reproductive structures (gills) Ring (Annulus)Covered and protected the gills as the fruiting body pushed through the ground Cup (Volva)Covered and protected the gills as the fruiting body pushed through the ground ScalesSections of the cap Gills (Lamellae)Contain the basidiospores (spores) – reproductive cells Stem (stape)Holds the cap and gills high above the ground, ensuring a wide broadcast of the spores Mycelia (pl) Mycelium (singl) Release and absorption of digestive enzymes – mushroom absorbs nutrient-rich liquids through membrane to obtain nutrition HyphaeOne mycelium filament – used for sexual reproduction and absorption

42. The Filamentous Body of a Fungus (a) Mycelium (b) Individual Hyphae (c) Hyphal Cells (cutaway) Cell Walls Septum Pore Cytoplasm Haploid Nuclei

43. Mycelia

45. Sexual reproduction Rhizopus example:

46. Zygospore germinates Sporangia Spores (haploid) Haploid 1n Diploid2n

47. Steps to sexual reproduction Hyphae of two fungi grow together (negative and positive strain- no male or female) Genetic material is exchange New spore producing structure (zygospore) grows from the joined hyphae New genetically unique fungus grows out from the zygospore

48. Mycelia and spores

49. More spores

50. The End Don’t worry, the fungi won’t kill you… to be continued…

51. Youtube links http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puDkLFcCZyI&feature=fvst David Attenborough – The Secret life of plants – amazing growth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puDkLFcCZyI&feature=fvst http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8&feature=fvst Cordyceps and insects http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8&feature=fvst http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBdg6Of3Er0&feature=related athlete’s food http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBdg6Of3Er0&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JeF952Xfz-4&feature=related U of Missouri – fungi research http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JeF952Xfz-4&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cymRslzI97s spore release http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cymRslzI97s