1. OBHS Physical Education
ANATOMY – The Skeletal System

2. 5 Major Functions There are five major functions of the skeleton:
1. Shape and support
2. Movement
3. Protection
4. Blood Production
5. Storage
Remember : Should Mothers Protect Babies Skins

3. Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones in a way
Shape and Support - This is our body's framework. It provides shape for our body, holds our vital organs in place and allows us to have a good posture.
Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones in a way
which allows movement.
Protection - Protects our delicate organs e.g.-SKULL protects
the BRAIN. RIB CAGE protects the HEART and LUNGS etc.
Blood Production - Red and white blood cells are
produced in the bone marrow found in many bones.
RED CELLS carry oxygen to the muscles to enable them to
work. They are red in colour because they carry haemoglobin.
WHITE CELLS fight infection in the body.
Storage- minerals like calcium are stored in the bones to add strength

4. Main Bones 1. Cranium 2. Scapula 3. Clavicle 4. Humerus 5. Pelvis
6. Sternum
7. Ribs
8. Vertebrae
9. Radius
10. Ulna
11. Carpals &
Metacarpals
12. Phalanges
13. Femur
14. Patella
15. Tibia
16. Fibula
17. Tarsals &
Metatarsals
18. Phalanges

5. Don’t be confused… The Foot The Chest Clavicle – collar bone
Scapula – shoulder blade
The Arm
Radius - thumb side lower
Ulna - finger side lower
Humerus - upper arm – “funny bone”
The Hand
Carpals - wrist bones
Metacarpals – hand
The Foot
Metatarsals - foot
Tarsals - ankle –think “T” for “toes”
The Leg
Fibula - small lower
Tibia - large lower
Patella - knee

6. Joints Where bones meet they form JOINTS.
The movement of the skeleton is helped by
joints. There are THREE kinds of joints:
Fibrous (non-moving e.g.- skull)
Cartilagenous (limited movement e.g.-vertebrae of spine)
Synovial (a range of movements are available)

7. Connective tissue Joints are moved by muscles and
bones. These are attached by
LIGAMENTS and TENDONS.
LIGAMENTS attach bone
to bone.
TENDONS attach muscle
e.g.- The knee joint. Movements other than flexion/extension can cause serious ligament damage in hinge joints like the knee. In contact sports like rugby these ligaments are often strained by forces acting in other directions.

8. Synovial Joints Most moving joints are SYNOVIAL JOINTS. They
are very complex
structures. The Bones are
linked together by
ligaments and allow a wide
range of movements.
Features of a synovial joint include:
Synovial fluid – Lubricates the joint
Synovial Membrane – Seals the joint
Synovial Capsule - Surround the joint to prevent leakage
The knee is an example of a synovial joint

9. Joints Cont’d Joints can be separated into FOUR categories:
Ball and Socket joint
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
Pivot joint

10. Quiz 9/5 What bones make up the following parts of the body The Arm 1.2. 3.
The Leg 4. 5. 6.
The Hand 7. 8. 9.
10. What sort of joint is the shoulder ?

11. 1. Ball and Socket
Definition: A ball-shaped bone end fits into a socket or cup-shaped bone.
Examples:
1. Hip
2. Shoulder
Movements: A multiaxial joint allowing
movement in many directions around the joint.
The movements possible are:
1. Back and forth (extension/flexion)
2. Side to side (abduction/adduction)
3. Rotation
4. Circumduction

12. 2. Hinge
Definition: Two bones join in such a way that movement is possible only in one direction, usually at right angles to the bones.
Examples:
1. Elbow
2. Knee
3. Ankle
Movements: A uniaxial joint allowing movement in only one direction
The only movement possible is:
Back and forth (extension/flexion)

13. 3. Gliding
Definition: The bone surfaces are small and flat, or slightly concave and one bones slides over the other.
Examples:
1. Carpals and tarsals
2. Ribs and vertebrae
3. Scapula and ribs
Movements: Only slight movement is possible due to the restrictions of attached ligaments.
Movements possible are:
1. side to side (abduction / adduction)
2. Back and forth (extension/flexion)

14. 4. Pivot
Definition: A joint constructed in such a way that rotation only is possible (usually about the long axis of the bone)
Examples:
1. Atlas and axis of neck
2. Radius and humerous
Movements: A uniaxial joint allowing movement in only one direction
The only movement possible is:
Rotation

15. Quiz – Anatomy 12/5 1. 5. 2. 6. 7. 3. 8. 4. What sort of joints
are the following
9. Shoulder
10. Elbow
11. Knee
12. Ribs and vertebrae 1. 5. 2. 6. 7. 3. 8. 4.

16. Today 12/5
Learn the language used to describe movement in the human body

17. Types of Movement There are many types of movement that the
skeleton and muscles can produce. The following
are the most common:
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Adduction
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion

18. 3.7. Movements at Synovial Joints
Just as we learnt a set of terms to describe the positioning of bones, muscles and organs in the body, so we have a set of terms to describe how joints move.
Term
Definition
Examples
Flexion
Bending or decreasing the angle between two bones

19. Straightening or increasing the angle between two bones
Term
Definition
Examples
Extension
Straightening or increasing the angle between two bones

20. Term Definition Examples
Abduction
Moving a limb or part of a limb away from the midline of the body
Moving outwards on a star jump
Adduction
Moving a limb or part of a limb towards the midline of the body
Bringing the limbs back together in a star jump
Circumduction
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
The movement of the limb resembles the shape of a cone
The arm stroke in
Butterfly

21. Term Definition Examples
Rotation
Twisting of a limb about its long axis
Turning the head
Twisting
the trunk
Supination
Movement of the hand into a palm-up position
Holding a bowl of soup
Turning a card over
Turning a page in a book
Pronation
Movement of the hand into a palm-down position tipping the soup out
Turning a card face down
Closing a book

22. Term Definition Examples
Inversion
Movement of the sole of the foot inward
Eversion
Movement of the sole of the foot outward
Dorsi flexion
Movement of the top of the foot upward, closer to the shin
Plantar flexion
Movement of the sole of the foot downward

23. Recapping Movements

24. Types of Movement cont’d
FLEXION – Bending the joint.
E.g. Bending the knee or elbow. BALL and SOCKET and HINGE are the main joint types that can produce this movement.

25. Types of Movement cont’d
EXTENSION of a joint is where the joint is straightened.
BALL and SOCKET and HINGE joints are common
examples of joints that can produce this movement.
Straightening the leg when striking a ball is an example of EXTENSION at the knee (HINGE JOINT)

26. Types of Movement cont’d
The ROTATION movement can occur at a BALL
and SOCKET and a PIVOT joint. e.g. turning the
head or the movement at the shoulder when
swimming backstroke.

27. Types of Movement cont’d
ABDUCTION and ADDUCTION movements can be
produced by BALL and SOCKET joints. ABDUCTION is
where a limb moves away from the centre of the body.
ADDUCTION is where the limb is moved TOWARDS the centre of the body.

28. Joints and Performance
Injuries to joints can occur from:
Over use (Too much training)
Incorrect movement injuries (e.g.-wrong techniques)
Impact or twisting (e.g.-twist of knee or elbow from a tackle or collision)
Such injuries should be iced immediately, given plenty rest, elevated and compressed to aid recovery and avoid permanent damage.
sports injuries clip

29. Muscle Recap – Name the muscle

30. Types of Muscle In the Human Body there are 3 different
types of muscle. These are:
SMOOTH – Also known as INVOLUNTARY muscles. Found in the internal organs such as the intestine. They are named as such because we do not have conscious control over them.
CARDIAC – Found only in the heart. We cannot control it and it is constantly working. It enables blood to be pumped from the heart to the body.
SKELETAL – Often called VOLUNTARY or STRIPED muscle. It enables us to move and is under our conscious control.

31. Muscles for Endurance and Power
Muscles are made up of lots of individual fibres. In skeletal muscle,
these fibres are either FAST TWITCH or SLOW TWITCH. Both have
their different roles … Fast twitch for power, slow twitch for
endurance.
Fast twitch fibres
contract very quickly and powerfully,
get tired fast
useful for explosive, short duration activities
Eg sprinting and weightlifting.
Slow twitch fibres
contract more slowly and with less force
don't get tired as quickly
useful for endurance activities
Eg Swimming and running

32. Muscles for Endurance and Power
Slow twitch fibres contract more slowly and with less force, but they don't get tired as quickly. They are useful for endurance activities.
Everyone has a similar number of muscle fibres, but it is the proportion of fast twitch to slow twitch fibres that differs.
You cannot change the amount of slow or fast twitch muscle fibres that you have, but you can train them to work more effectively.

33. The Effect of Exercise and Training on Muscles
Skeletal muscle responds to training and
exercise (or lack of it) in two ways.
Regular training and exercise can create
greater muscle development
(HYPERTROPHY).
Too much inactivity causes muscle
wastage (ATROPHY)

34. The Effect of Exercise and Training on Muscles
When we exercise our bodies regularly and with heavy workloads
(normally ANAEROBIC), muscle fibre size increases until the
muscle has become large and strong enough to do the tasks
required of them.
Carrying heavy, bulked muscle does not help endurance athletes so the muscles adapt to using the energy efficiently, and normally will only grow to the maximum size that they need to be.

35. Remember what ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS Do!!!!!
How the Muscles Move
To make a joint move in two
directions, you need two muscles
that work in opposite directions.
ANTAGONISTIC muscles are pairs
of muscles that work against each
other.
One muscle contracts. This is
called the AGONIST or PRIME
MOVER. The other one relaxes.
This is called the ANTAGONIST
Remember what ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS Do!!!!!

36. Term Definition 1. Agonist (Prime Mover)
A. Movement of the sole of the foot downward
2. Extension
B. The muscle that relaxes during a movement
3. Abduction
C. Straightening a joint
4. Flexion
D. Bending a joint
5. Antagonist
E. Movement of sole of foot towards the shine
6. Adduction
F. Moving a limb towards the midline of the body
7. Plantar Flexion
G. The muscle that contracts, creating the movement
8. Dorsi Flexion
H. Moving a limb away from the midline of the body

37. Today Recap the Muscular System
Create your own labelled diagram of the muscular system
Describe movement of sporting examples using correct anatomical language
Go over Homework sheet
Anatomy and movement bingo

38. The Muscular System Trapezius Latissimus Dorsi Deltoids Erector Spinae
Biceps Gluteus Maximus
Triceps Hamstrings
Pectoralis Major Gastrocnemius
Abdominals Hip Flexors
Quadriceps
Tibialis Anterior

39. Muscles and Movement
Movement
Agonist
Antagonist

40. Function and Movement of Major Muscles
Deltoid – Flexes, Extends and Abducts your arm at the shoulder.

41. Function and Movement of Major Muscles
Biceps - Flexes your arm at the elbow.

42. Function and Movement of Major Muscles
Triceps – Extends your arm at the elbow joint.

43. Function and Movement of Major Muscles
Abdominals - Flex the spine so you can bend forward.

44. Function and Movement of Major Muscles
Pectorals - Raises your arm at the shoulder. Draws it across your chest.

45. Function and Movement of Major Muscles
Latissimus Dorsi (lats) - Pulls your arm down at the shoulder. Draws it behind
your back.

46. Function and Movement of Major Muscles
Trapezius - Holds and rotates your shoulders. Moves your head back and
sideways.

47. Function and Movement of Major Muscles
Quadriceps - Straighten the leg at the knee. Keep it straight when you stand.

48. Function and Movement of Major Muscles
Hamstrings – Flex your leg at the knee.

49. Function and Movement of Major Muscles
Gluteals - Extension at the hip.

50. Function and Movement of Major Muscles
Gastrocnemius – Plantarflexion of the ankle joint (standing on your tiptoes).

51. Quiz 29/7 8. Bending or ↓ the angle of a joint it known as
9. Moving a limb away from the bodies midline is known as
10. Which OBHS blues were awarded today?

52. Homework out Quiz 4/8
8. Straightening or ↑ the angle of a joint it known as
9. Moving a limb towards the bodies midline is known as
10. Moving a limb away from the bodies midline is known as?

53. Today 4/8 Recap the Muscular System
Create your own labelled diagram of the muscular system
Describe movement of sporting examples using correct anatomical language
Identify and describe parts of and how the Cardio-respiratory System works
Label cardio-respiratory system
Complete paragraph describing cardio-respiratory

54. Homework Out Quiz 5/8 Match the term with its definition Term
1. Agonist (Prime Mover)
A. The muscle that contracts, creating the movement
2. Extension
B. The muscle that relaxes during a movement
3. Abduction
C. Straightening a joint
4. Flexion
D. Bending a joint
5. Antagonist
E. Moving a limb away from the midline of the body
6. Adduction
F. Moving a limb towards the midline of the body

55. What's Happening ???

56. Quiz 10/8 Elbow Joint Movement:___1____ Agonist: ____2____
Antagonist: ___3___
Hip Joint
Movement:____4___
Agonist: _____5___
Antagonist: ___6___
Ankle Joint
Movement:___7____
Agonist: ____8____
Antagonist: __9____
10. What is the sporting event that takes place during week 7?

58. Cardio-respiratory System
The heart and lungs are responsible for moving oxygen around the body. The ________ system inhales oxygen into the _____ where it is _______ into the blood. The ______ system pumps ____ filled blood around the body where it provides the ______ with the ____ it needs to perform work. The cardio respiratory system ______ more oxygen into the body as a resppnse to _____. It does this by _____ both its ______ and ______ rate to deliver an increased quality of oxygen to _____ muscles.

59. Factors affecting the Heart and Lungs