1. There will be a test on Chapter 4 on Monday. Note: The details of Section 4.6, and parts of Section 4.7 are not part of the Essential Knowledge for the AP Exam and I will not be testing you on them. I’ll go over the parts of those sections that you are expected to know tomorrow.

2. Chapter 4 Mitochondria, Chloroplast and Peroxisomes

3. You must know The structure and function of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes. The evolutionary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

4. Concept 4.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP. Chloroplasts, found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis. Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria. – Enveloped by a double membrane. – Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules. – Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells. The Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Endosymbiont Theory Nucleus Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Ancestor of eukaryotic cells (host cell) Mitochondrion Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote Engulfing of oxygen- using nonphotosynthetic prokaryote, which becomes a mitochondrion Mitochondrion Photosynthetic eukaryote At least one cell Chloroplast Engulfing of photosynthetic prokaryote

7. Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Matrix Cristae DNA Outer membrane Inner membrane 0.1  m Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion

8. Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Intermembrane space Ribosomes Inner and outer membranes 1  m Stroma Granum DNA Thylakoid (a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast

10. Peroxisomes: Oxidation Peroxisomes are specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane. Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water. Peroxisomes perform reactions with many different functions. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.