1. Fungal Growth and Sporulation

2. G. T. Cole. 1986. Microbiol. Rev. 50: 95-132

3. From: Fischer-Parton et al. 2000. J. Microscopy 198 (3): 246-259
Exocytosis—enzymes (pectinases, cellulases, proteases) to degrade compounds in the environment
Endocytosis—removal of excess plasma membrane, recycling membrane proteins, transport of membrane proteins & lipids to vacuole for degradation, uptake of molecules, etc.

4. ?
Mannoproteins
Glucan synthase
Wall-lytic enzymes, protease activators
Chitosomes (chitin synthase)
Multivesicular bodies
Wall substrates
Enzyme activators (GTP), inhibitor
Delivered from cytosol?
Components probably delivered by membrane-bound vesicles
plasmalemma
wall
Components of wall synthesis at hyphal tip Modified from Deacon (2006). Fungal Biology.

5. Asexual Sporulation
Sporangiospores formed by cleavage of protoplasm in a multinucleate sporangium (Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Oomycota)
Conidia develop directly from hyphae or from modified hyphal cells called conidiogenous cells (Ascomycota including Deuteromycetes, some Basidiomycota)

6. Control of asexual sporulation
May be triggered by changes in carbon:nitrogen ratio in growth medium
May require light trigger, e.g. near-ultraviolet light
Under control of sporulation genes:
One group involved in switch from somatic growth to sporulation
A second group regulates developmental stages of sporulation
A third group regulates secondary aspects including spore color

7. Asexual Fungi: Deuteromycetes

8. Deuteromycetes “deuter-” Gk., meaning “second”
> 20,000 species of fungi in 2600 genera have no known sexual state
Most belong in phylum Ascomycota
These fungi are also called:
Anamorphic fungi
Mitosporic fungi
Conidial fungi
Imperfect fungi
Fungi imperfecti

9. Asexual propagules Chlamydospore Sclerotium (pl. sclerotia)
1-celled spore (usually thick-walled) designed for perennation; formed inside existing cell
Sclerotium (pl. sclerotia)
Rounded mass of hyphae, often differentiated into rind and medulla

10. Asexual propagules Conidium (pl. conidia)
Non-motile spore designed for dispersal
Wide range of shape, size, color and septation among taxa

12. Saccardoan Spore Types
P.A. Saccardo ( )
“Sylloge Fungorum” ( )--names & descriptions of all known fungi
Developed system of classifying fungi based on type of spore (shape, septation, color)

13. Saccardoan Spore Types
Color
Hyaline or bright (hyalo-)
Pigmented (phaeo-)
Shape and septation
1-celled—amerospore
2-celled—didymospore
Multicelled—phragmospore
Muriform—dictyospore
Filiform—scolecospore
Helical—helicospore
Branched--staurospore

14. Saccardoan Spore Types
scolecospore
amerospore
staurospore
helicospore
dictyospore
phragmospore
didymospore

16. Synanamorph
Two or more types of asexual spores formed by the same fungus
Example:
Ceratocystis fibriata

17. Conidiogenous Cells A cell that forms one or more conidia
May be formed on a specialized simple or branched hypha called a conidiophore

18. From D. Malloch

19. Conidial Development (Ontogeny)
Blastic—blowing out of conidial initial prior to formation of delimiting septum
Thallic—conversion of segment of existing hyphae into conidia

20. Blastic versus thallic
Cole, 1986

21. Blastic development Holoblastic Enteroblastic
single conidium is formed from conidiogenous locus, all wall layers involved in formation of conidium wall
Enteroblastic
more than one conidium formed from locus, only the inner wall layer(s) involved in formation of conidium wall

22. Holoblastic
From Hawksworth et al., 1995

23. Holoblastic/synchronous
Holoblastic/sympodial
From Hawksworth et al., 1995

24. Enteroblastic development
Phialidic—a basipetal succession of conidia is formed from a fixed locus on the conidiogenous cell (phialide)
collarette

25. Enteroblastic development
Annellidic—a basipetal succession of conidia formed by repeated percurrent proliferation of conidiogenous locus, leaving the distal end of locus with transverse scars (annellations)

26. Enteroblastic development
Tretic—the inner wall of the conidiogenous cell blows out through a hole (pore) in the outer wall like a balloon to form a conidium.

27. Arrangement of conidia at locus
Solitary 
Catenate = true chains
Seriate = false chains, spore heads
Dry spores
Wet spores (gleoid)

28. Succession of conidia
Basipetal = a chain of conidia in which new spores are formed at the base, the oldest conidia are at the apex
Acropetal = a chain of conidia with the new spores formed at the end of the chain, oldest spores are at the base. In order for this type of conidial formation to occur, the conidia must function as conidiogenous cells (e.g., Alternaria, Cladosporium)

29. Alternaria conidiogenous cells and conidia

30. Alternaria

31. Cladosporium; arrows indicate pores (tretic conidial development)

32. Conidiophores Hyphae bearing conidiogenous cells
Morphologically differentiated from vegetative hyphae (=macronematous)
Morphologically not differentiated (=micronematous)

33. Conidiophores

34. Types of Deuteromycetes
Hyphomycetes—fungi that produce conidia from conidiogenous cells free on their mycelia
May be formed on the surface of synnemata or sporodochia
Coelomycetes—fungi that produce conidia from conidiogenous cells formed in conidiomata

35. Synnemata
Conidiophores united at base
Conidiogenous cells at apex

36. Sporodochium
A compact, cushion-like aggregation of hyphae on which conidiophores are formed in a dense layer
The aggregation of hyphae is called a stroma (pl. stromata)

37. Hyphomycetes
Moniliaceae—conidiophores formed singly, hyphae and conidia pale-colored
Dematiaceae—conidiophores formed singly, hyphae and/or conidia dark-colored
Tuberculariaceae—conidiophores aggregated on cushion-like sporodochium (pl. sporodochia)
Stilbaceae—conidiophores aggregated in a synnema (pl. synnemata), an erect bundle with conidia formed at apex