1. Relative Clauses English grammar 4ºESO Montse Flores Adeva & Ana Hernández Bartolomé IES Hoces del Duratón

2. Relative Clauses Two separate sentences can be joined together by making one of them a relative clause. Then, the common element of the two sentences is replaced in the second sentence by a relative pronoun and the relative clause is inserted immediately after the common element in the other sentence. Two separate sentences can be joined together by making one of them a relative clause. Then, the common element of the two sentences is replaced in the second sentence by a relative pronoun and the relative clause is inserted immediately after the common element in the other sentence.

3. Relative Clauses (1) Cement is a grey powder made by burning lime and clay. (2) Cement is wetted to become hard like stone and be used for building. = Cement, which is wetted to become hard like stone and be used for building, is a grey powder made by burning lime and clay.

4. Relative Clauses In order to link these pairs of sentences, we use the relative pronouns. They replace the name which comes before them in the sentence. WHO = quién (personas). WHICH = qué (cosa o animal). THAT = sustituye a personas y a cosas WHOM = a quién, para quién WHOSE = cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas (posesión). WHERE = en el/la/los/las cual/es, en donde WHEN = en el tiempo o momento que, cuando

5. Defining vs. Non-defining Relative Clauses Defining relative clauses describe the name they follow by distinguishing it from the other members of its class. The meaning of the subordinate clause is essential in order to understand the meaning of the whole sentence. Defining relative clauses describe the name they follow by distinguishing it from the other members of its class. The meaning of the subordinate clause is essential in order to understand the meaning of the whole sentence. e.g. The wires which were not protected were broken.

6. Defining vs. Non-defining Relative Clauses Non-defining relative clauses do not define or refer to the noun before them. Their meaning is not essential; that is, if we omit them, the whole sentence is still meaningful. This kind of relative clauses can be easily identified, since it always goes between commas. Non-defining relative clauses do not define or refer to the noun before them. Their meaning is not essential; that is, if we omit them, the whole sentence is still meaningful. This kind of relative clauses can be easily identified, since it always goes between commas. e.g. The wires, which were not protected, were broken.

7. Relative Clauses with Preposition When we find a direct/indirect object with a preposition, the formal construction is: When we find a direct/indirect object with a preposition, the formal construction is: (1) preposition + WHICH; The ladder on which the worker was standing began to slip. (2) preposition at the end of the sentence + WHICH or THAT as a link; The ladder which/that the worker was standing on began to slip. (3) omitting the relative pronoun + preposition after the verb of the subordinate clause. The ladder the worker was standing on began to slip.