1. First Aid
Module 1
Introduction to First Aid
Role of First Aider

2. Introduction to First Aid
What is First Aid
The first person on the scene to render help where accidents or illness have occurred
Aim in First Aid
Sustain life
Prevent the condition from becoming worse
Promote recovery

3. Introduction to First Aid
Role of First Aider
Assess situation and ensure safety for first aider and casualty.
To find out what is wrong with the casualty
To render early and appropriate treatment
To arrange for removal to clinic, hospital or home.
To remain with the casualty as long as is necessary.
To report observations to health care personnel on their arrival.
To prevent cross infection between first aider and casualty.

4. Introduction to First Aid
Action to be taken during a first aid emergency situation.
Two types of assessment.
Primary Survey
Secondary Survey
1. Assess the Situation
Ensure situation and environment safe for casualty and First Aider.

5. Introduction to First Aid
2. Primary Survey - Assess the Casualty
Tap for a response
Call for ambulance 995
Check airway
Open the airway
Check breathing
Check pulse
Commence CPR
Continue till help arrives.

6. Introduction to First Aid
Secondary Survey
Medical history of casualty
Recent Illness
External clues – medication pack
Inhaler canister
warning tags
insulin injection
Circumstances or cause of injury – fall from height, impact injury

7. Introduction to First Aid
Signs and Symptoms of illness and injury.

8. Introduction to First Aid
Vital Signs Check
Pulse
Respiration
Level of responsiveness
Pulse Check
Rate – normal is beats per minute
Strong or weak
Regular or irregular
(instructor to demonstrate checking of pulse)

9. Introduction to First Aid
Location for pulse check.
Carotid pulse
Brachial pulse
Radial pulse
Breathing Check
Rate – normal breath is breath per minute
Deep or shallow breathing
Normal, difficult or painful breaths
Quiet or noisy breathing

10. Introduction to First Aid
Level of responsiveness check
Use of AVPU code:
A – alert
open eyes and respond to questions.
V – Voice
answer simple questions and obey commands.
P – Pain
respond to pain by body movements and open eyes
U – Unresponsive
does not respond to the above.
(instructor to demonstrate AVPU)

11. Introduction to First Aid
Examining a Casualty
Head to Toe Survey
1 Scalp
2 Ears
3 Eyes
4 Nose
5 Breathing
6 Skin
7 Neck

12. Introduction to First Aid Examining a Casualty
Head to Toe Survey
8 Chest
9 Collar bone and Shoulder
10 Elbow, wrists and fingers
11 Limbs and Spinal
12 Abdominal
13 Hips
14 Leg raise, ankles and knees movement
15 Toes

13. Introduction to First Aid
Treatment in first Aid
Adequate and appropriate
Accord priorities in treatment
for different injuries
Treatment - Primary survey
Airway kept open
Control bleeding

14. Introduction to First Aid
Treatment - Secondary survey
Treat large wounds and burns.
Immobilize bone and joint injuries
Monitor response, pulse and breathing every ten minutes.
Reassure the casualty
Obtain casualty’s particulars to establish identity.
Improvisation, use alternatives.

15. Introduction to First Aid
Good Samaritan Law
A principle of tort law that provides that a person who sees another individual in imminent and serious danger or peril cannot be charged with negligence if that first person attempts to aid or rescue the injured party, provided the attempt is not made recklessly.

16. Introduction to First Aid Good Samaritan Law
The Good Samaritan doctrine is used by rescuers to avoid civil liability for injuries arising from their negligence. Its purpose is to encourage emergency assistance by removing the threat of liability for damage done by the assistance. However, the assistance must be reasonable; a rescuer cannot benefit from the Good Samaritan doctrine if the assistance is reckless or grossly negligent.

17. Introduction to First Aid Good Samaritan Law
Three key elements support a successful invocation of the Good Samaritan doctrine:
the care rendered was performed as the result of the emergency,
the initial emergency or injury was not caused by the person invoking the defense,
the emergency care was not given in a grossly negligent or reckless manner

18. Introduction to First Aid
Consent
In every instance where first aid is to be provided, the victim's consent is required. It should be obtained from every conscious, mentally-competent adult. The consent may be either oral or written.
Permission to render first aid to an unconscious victim is implied and a first aider should not hesitate to treat an unconscious victim.
Consent of a parent or guardian is required to treat a child, however emergency first aid necessary to maintain life may be provided without such consent.

19. Introduction to First Aid
Reminder for First Aider
IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT A VICTIM HAS THE RIGHTTO REFUSE FIRST AID CARE AND IN THESE INSTANCES YOU MUST RESPECT THE VICTIM'S DECISION.
YOU CANNOT FORCE CARE ON A PERSON WHO DOES NOT WANT IT ... REGARDLESS OF THEIR CONDITION!
THERE SHOULD BE LITTLE, IF ANY, CONCERN ABOUT LEGAL CONSEQUENCES INHERENT IN PROVIDING FIRST AID.
YOU NEED ONLY HAVE THE VICTIM'S CONSENT AND THEN OFFER THE LEVEL OF CARE FOR WHICH YOU ARE QUALIFIED

20. The end Module 1 . Role of First Aider . For training purpose only .
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